英国对北美殖民地的重商主义政策-英国论文代写－r51due

英国essay论文精选范文：“英国对北美殖民地的重商主义政策”，这篇论文讨论了英国对北美殖民地的重商主义政策。英国的重商主义政策贯穿于北美殖民地整个时期，对殖民地经济的发展往往交织地发挥着消极和积极的“双重”作用。英国的重商主义政策从制定到执行完全是从英国的角度来考虑的，随着北美殖民地经济的壮大，其对殖民地不同地区的经济运行所产生的消极作用逐渐居于主导地位。北美13洲殖民地打破英国重商主义对其规定的发展模式，成为它们摆脱英国统治走向独立的主要诱因之一。

The British government began to encourage large-scale migration to North America, mainly due to mercantilist considerations. The United Kingdom in the United States of America at the beginning of the independence of the sovereignty of the territory of the implementation of colonial rule for nearly 170 years. During this period, the British government, despite the need to change the policy according to the needs of the situation, but did not change the nature of its mercantilism. Britain's mercantilist policies have had a tremendous impact on the economic development of 13 colonies in North America.

Foreign scholars on the British mercantilist policy mixed, but the majority of those who deny, domestic scholars are basically critical of the attitude. In the process of the development of the North American colonies, the British mercantilist policies are often intertwined to play a negative and positive "double" role. In the early stages of colonial economic development, the positive role may be obvious, but with the growth of the colonial economy, the negative role gradually dominated, as North American 13 colonies demanded to get rid of the dominance of the motherland one of the main incentives.

Mercantilism is the capitalist mode of production to form the initial representative of the commercial bourgeois interests of an economic theory and policy system, mainly in the 15th century and 16th century Britain and France and other countries. This doctrine of great influence on the decision of the European powers at that time tried to solve the urgent need of the nation-state for the gold and silver currencies and the commodity market in the primitive accumulation period. Thus, mercantilism is closely linked with the emergence of modern nation-states in Europe. The American economic historian Curtis Neter said that mercantilism is "a policy that embodies the spirit of nationalism in the economic sphere in order to make the development of modern nation-state full of vitality. For the country to win a high degree of security or self-sufficiency, especially in the food supply, raw materials needed for important industries, and war armaments. This result is largely achieved by the control of external activities and resources on which the country depends of". Nation-state needs a strong centralized government, but also need to maintain the normal operation of such government and to meet the monarch's luxury consumption of money, the national political and military strength is largely determined by the amount of money to measure.

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In the main monarchy countries in Europe, the past fiscal revenue mainly comes from the taxation of land and domestic trade, if the tax is too light, the income is clearly unable to meet the rulers of the growing luxury needs, if the tax is too high, it will lead to increased internal contradictions And the economic fragmentation, more importantly, is not conducive to the national economic development, hinder the nation-state to strong. Thus, the nation-state "must find a new way to provide capital for the monarchs in pegged diplomats and wartime troops, which are provided by international trade." The tax on foreign trade flows directly into the monarch's treasury, "is considered to be more reliable and less likely than land taxes."

The mercantilism can be understood as the nation-state's emphasis on business, which is actually beneficial to the merchants of the country, and is basically consistent with their interests. John McCasker et al. Pointed out in his writings: "The political leaders chase power and prestige. The rulers of the Atlantic European emerging nation states are trying to make their monarchs foolproof and expand their monarchical domination. To do so, and they can continue to increase their income by imposing import and export duties on overseas trade; they can raise money from a group of wealthy businessmen in an emergency situation. The various kinds of incomes increase the maximum demand for the interests of their businessmen Protection and promotion. Businessmen are also willing to consult with the government to advise the government on how to maximize trade, and the more trade, it means that there is more money in the treasurer and the merchant's purse.

In the view of the mercantilist countries of the century, the expansion of foreign trade was actually a one-way movement, that is, to restrict and reduce the import of foreign goods as much as possible while at the same time maximizing the export of commodities Foreign gold and silver continue to flow into the country, increasing the strength of competing with other nation-states. Therefore, in the eyes of mercantilists, the real world is full of fierce competition for wealth, a country's income must mean that another country lost. In other words, the nation-state is playing a "zero-sum" game, in the case of the total trade volume unchanged, the rise of a country's overseas trade must be established in the competition with the country's overseas trade decline in the basis of , The increase in gold storage in the country's treasury is at the expense of a reduction in gold storage in other countries. Benjamin Franklin sums up the theory of mercantilist theory is that the world's wealth is like a piece of pie, such as a country to get a larger piece, it means that the rest of the country can only get a smaller piece.

How can we achieve the blueprint for the rapid prosperity of the mercantilist for the nation-state? On the one hand, it gives the powerful central government the power to intervene in the operation of the national economy and, through measures such as restrictions, protection and rewards, The development of industry and commerce, through the provision of diversified export commodities to achieve the basis of the international trade in the competitive advantage. On the other hand, by looking for colonies overseas to extend the sovereignty of the territory under the jurisdiction of the nation-state and to expand the sales market of their own goods. The new economic historian Jeremy Atak elaborated the role of the colonies in the framework of mercantilism, that is, "they would have to be imported from 'foreigners' or not in their own production , The colonies have become the 'domestic' supply of these commodities, and by expanding and changing the resource base of the home country, the colonies can also make the country's new money-making exports.

The ideal colony is therefore the same as the home country and other colonies as much as possible different places". When the dawn of capitalism had just been revealed on the horizon of the Middle Ages, some European countries still under the feudal autocratic monarchy began to look to the sea, by virtue of their own advantages, Of the region to build their own national political and economic system as a prototype of the colonies, followed by large-scale immigrants to these colonies. Spain, Portugal, France, Britain and other European countries have explored overseas colonies, although there are many factors, but the pursuit of mercantilist doctrine of the objectives outlined is undoubtedly an important driving force.

The establishment of the North American colonies under the motive of mercantilism has a profound historical roots and a choice of facing realistic competition. In the Anglo-Saxon culture of England, attention has become an indispensable part of business. Britain is geographically isolated from the continental continent, surrounded by the sea, the maritime industry developed, the development of business has a natural advantage. Business in the British society occupies a pivotal position. It is by the importance of business spirit, businessmen in the social status is very high, they can join the ranks of nobility without any obstacles. In 1726, the famous British writer Daniel Defoe commented: "The British trade created a gentleman, and has made the gentleman covered with this country, because the businessman's children, or at least their grandchildren, began with the most noble and The oldest family of people, as authentic gentlemen, politicians, parliamentarians, Privy Council officials, judges, bishops and nobles. "Britain in overseas adventure despite lagging behind in Spain and Portugal, but the importance of business decisions it is impossible In addition to this tide, as the time is ripe, the United Kingdom is bound to build colonies overseas as an effective supplement to the maintenance of its commercial advantages.

At the beginning of the 17th century the British royal family had clearly recognized the importance of establishing colonies overseas, "Queen Elizabeth I, in encouraging such activities, acted on the principle of mercantilism, and she appealed to her subjects to support the use of mercantilist doctrines. Was the first colonial Virginia to succeed in the honor of the mercantilist king - the greatest monarch of England. It is also in the royal mercantilist policy of encouragement and support, the vast expanse of the continent of North America began to usher in a number of battalions to settle in the British immigrants. Britain has also taken an important step in the future to replace Spain and other countries in the business world dominate the world.

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