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下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The relationship between religion and morality，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了宗教与道德的关系。道德与宗教的关系是一个一直被人争议的话题。由于基督教是一个伦理宗教，伦理和教义的教条结合得非常密切，所以神学家认为宗教来得更早，道德依赖于宗教。这一观点还认为，宗教是道德的根本、动力和保护，如果没有宗教和信仰，就没有道德。

The relationship between morality and religion is a long-standing problem. As early as in ancient Greece, Plato used the conversation between Socrates and Euthyphro to discuss the question about whether god commands or moral issues comes earlier. After the rise of Christianity, the issue is attracting widespread attention. In regards to the relationship between religion and morality, different thought of school has different ideas (Brown, 1972). Since Christianity is a religion of ethics, ethics and doctrine dogma combined very closely, so theologians tend to feel that the religion comes earlier and morality relies on religion. This point of view also believes that religion is the root, fundamental, driving force and protection of morality, if there is no religion and belief, there will be no morality.  In addition, Christian theologians think the same way, and other religious theologians often hold the same theory.  They were always naturally tend to believe that the immorality is due to the faith is not firm (Miller, 2014), however, this view was completely reversed by Kant. On the relationship between morality and religion, Kant chose morality comes first, the imperative is the reason for the presence of religion, moreover, the existence of God, immortality of the soul and other traditional religious ideas just for completeness moral system and is retained as practical philosophy postulate. Marxist historical materialism also believed that religion and morality are two mutually independent social ideology, there is no such question as who decides who between them(Miller, 2014). A large number of anthropology and archeology studies have been shown that the history of religion as a social phenomenon, is a product of history of human development to a certain stage, and the archeology, ethnology, folklore and cultural anthropology also have proven that morality as an ideology, is also gradually formed in the long-term human social practice, of which it is not the product of religion or the divine of religion. Although it is not easy to determine the time that when moral consciousness was generated, but it is certain that humans have a moral sense at very early stage, moral relations also has existed in the relationship between people in the early time, where anthropologists’ working fully proved this point. Hence, Marxist historical materialism believed that the idea of morality is rooted in religion is unfounded.

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Because religion and morality are relatively independent two ideologies, their ideological content, forms, and other aspects of social action exist important differences(Miller, 2014).Firstly, religion is a reflection of the twists of the real world, the reflection of morality of social life tend to be more real and direct. Secondly, religion and morality are two relatively independent social and cultural phenomenon. Religion concerns the relationship between man and God, while morality mainly deal with the relationship between people. Thirdly, the manifestations of religion and morality are also different. Religion often by means of a series of taboos, rituals to pray for the gift of supernatural forces and protecting; while morality is not, it is mainly through social media and traditional power to adjust the relationship between people as well as the relationship between people and society. However, although what religious concerns is the other side of the world, but its content is between people, and although the relationship it deals with is between man and God, but the relationship itself is the existing social relations.

When entering the class society, the influence between morality and religion becomes more obvious. On the one hand, the rulers in the history always said the achievement of their own is dominated from God, while put on sacred moral cloak to the variety of the ruling class. They always say that “religion can make people more moral, religion become the most universal sense of ethics, it has become the largest source of human happiness. On the other hand, the human religion that was produced from class society, apart from having a very distinct class attributes from the generally speaking, some of its teachings and precepts often become code of ethics that is aside by the member of the whole society, it has great significance for the morality of the whole society to persuade good. In primitive societies, primitive religion through religious mythology and religious ritual to strengthen the social influence of morality. In a class society, the ruling class always use religion for their own class interests, use God and the arrangements of fate to deification the ruling order and the class relationship between people, use the paradise of the afterlife to make the  ruling class suffer in the real-life. In a class society, morality has always been class morality, it is serving for the interests and domination of the ruling class, or when the oppressed class became powerful enough, it represents the interests of the oppressed against the oppression of the ruling class.

Actually, Religion and morality are two of the most ancient human history of social and cultural phenomenon (Broom, 2003). Comparing to religion, morality seems to be more "lofty" and farther away from real life(Hauser & Singer, 2006), however, religion and morality are real product of social conditions of life from the roots, and have a profound impact on real life. On the relationship between religion and morality, there are distinction between the two, and there is a close link and profound influence each other. The both affect, coordinate and consistent with each other. Religion has a moral function of persuading beneficence in many cases, and many moral precepts often become clear rules of religious. Moral regulates relations between people, and standardize the behavior of people. By morality, people know how they should do and also know how other people should do; people can look forward to correct the behavior of others, others can expect correct others’ behavior (Hauser & Singer, 2006).  Thus, the choice between people’s actions and behavior of others can reach a consensus. This shows that, the meaning of morality is significant in terms of maintaining the social unity and ensuring the harmony, as well as maintaining the vitality of the community as a whole.

In addition to satisfying human curiosity and thirst for knowledge, religion as a common belief of a group, it has the similar social function as morality (Purtill, 2003).  This is the reason why each tribe has its own tribal totem, every nation has its own faith, and every country has its own ideology. As a belief system, religion firstly tells people the knowledge about the world, it described how the world was created, the origin of mankind and the reasons for changing fortune of things, different from the general knowledge, this type of description presupposes the existence of a supernatural force, the explanation which religion provides us are all related with such supernatural powers(Purtill, 2003).

Historical facts indicate that, the affiliation of moral and religious was so tight so that the morality which is deprived of religion and the religion which is excluded morality will lose most of its contents and becomes unthinkable. Thus, the moral and religion, in fact, at least once they were very closely linked.

Reference

Broom, D. M. (2003). The Evolution of Morality and Religion. London: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, J. (1972). Morality and Religion. Philosophical Studies, 21, 256-261.

Hauser, M. & Singer, P. (2006). Morality without Religion. Retrieved on 14 October 2015, from: http://www.centerforinquiry.net/uploads/attachments/HauserSinger.pdf

Miller, C. (2014). The Bloomsbury Companion to Ethics. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Purtill, R. L. (2003). J.R.R. Tolkien: Myth, Morality, and Religion. CA: Ignatius Press.

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