Paper代写：Public participation in environmental governance in the UK－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Public participation in environmental governance in the UK，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国环境治理的公众参与。随着社会的发展，英国环境问题日趋显现，英国为此采取过很多措施，其中公众参与是英国环境治理的重要举措。公众参与渗透到英国环境治理的各个方面，宪法赋予了公民参与环境治理的权利，再加上一些环保团体以及特殊群体的参与，这些因素在很大程度上可推动环境治理的发展进程。

The environmental problem is a hot topic nowadays, as the first industrialized country in the world, with the development of the society, the British environmental problems are becoming more and more obvious, and the public participation is the important measure of the British environmental governance. Public participation permeates all aspects of British environmental governance, and the Constitution gives citizens the right to participate in environmental governance, coupled with the participation of some environmental groups and special groups, which in large part contribute to the process of environmental governance development.

Public participation refers to citizens ' concern for public interests, public affairs, and consultation with managers and active participation in public affairs. Environmental governance is a complex process that needs to mobilize social forces and public participation plays an important role. This paper introduces the practices of British environmental governance from the aspects of the rights conferred by law on citizens, environmental organizations and special groups, and probes into the role of public participation in British environmental governance.

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The British people's attention to public affairs originated from the rights conferred by the Grand Charter. With the improvement of civic consciousness, relevant laws have been introduced. In 1972, the Declaration on the Human Environment declared: "Human beings have the right to a good living environment, the pursuit of a happy life, and the responsibility to protect the environment." "With the prominence of environmental issues, many countries have begun legislative practice." In Britain, environmental rights are the basic rights of citizens, each citizen has the right to live a good ecological life, its connotation generally includes three aspects of content.

The Environmental Information Act enacted by the United Kingdom in 1992 clearly stipulates that environmental protection authorities must disclose environmental information to the public. The public can obtain the status of environmental information reports from the relevant departments, and the relevant departments must reply within two months. If the refusal must be communicated in writing, accompanied by a detailed discussion of the reasons for the refusal. In 1999, the United Kingdom enacted the Freedom of Information Act, which allows public access to government information through a variety of channels, and can be used by environmental groups and local communities to make recommendations on government decisions. The promulgation of these two laws has ensured the public's participation in solving environmental problems.

Local government laws, cities and national planning laws were implemented in 1985 and 1990 respectively. The law stipulates that the construction projects involved must be public participation, before the commencement of the project, developers need to apply to the Environmental Protection Department, the Environmental Protection Department for Assessment, in the assessment process must be public participation. In addition to the environmental Impact assessment Report, the public is also involved in other aspects of the public's wishes, even if the voice of the disadvantaged groups can be respected, the subject of environmental protection is further deepened, so that people are more willing to participate in environmental activities.

Public participation in EIA is a necessary procedure and it is more fair and reasonable. It is a manifestation of the exercise of the rights of citizens before the project starts. Public participation is generally assessed by specialized personnel, and the reports are relatively reasonable and can guarantee the rationality and scientificity of decision-making. After the Labour Party took office in the 1990s, the people's right to participate in public affairs was further expanded. The Labour government has taken citizen juries, public opinion polls and environmental communities as a day-to-day decision-making body, which has led to the gradual formation of a system from a desultory type.

The public's right to environmental litigation is a powerful watchdog of the environmental protection sector. In the UK, there are a lot of cases about environment in the public lawsuit enterprise, which is supervised by the jury system generally. It is a form of public participation in which a number of representatives of the population are randomly selected to form a panel for discussion and ultimately a written opinion on the matters under consideration. At the end of 20th century, the Citizen jury system was established to solve the problem of environmental resources. As in 1997, the citizen jury has played a big role in the construction of wetlands for developers and the regulation of people in Hertfordshire and Erie. In civil proceedings, environmental litigation does not include any restrictions. The Citizen jury system is a common way for citizens to participate in public decision-making at the national level, especially in solving environmental problems.

Environmental governance is a complex process that requires the active participation of other social forces, in addition to strict legal and administrative systems. Among these factors, environmental groups have irreplaceable roles, and their development has undergone two stages of elitism and populism. In the case of state intervention and market mechanism failure, environmental groups can play a special role, can fully mobilize the wide participation of the public, with the characteristics of mobility and flexibility.

The Industrial revolution in Britain in the the 1760s, with the development of social economy, the environmental problem is deteriorating. At that time, the laissez-faire policy of the United Kingdom, indifferent to environmental issues, caused a sharp deterioration of the environment. Environmental degradation and the government's omission have led to the emergence of environmental organizations. In the second half of the 19th century, there was a campaign against industrialization in the UK, which called for the preservation of the country's natural environment and ecological balance. During this period, most of the members were in the social strata, and in order to achieve environmental goals, they gradually moved towards unity. In 1882, a "Smoke reduction exhibition" was held in London, where experts and scholars from all over the world spoke freely, proposing many feasible ways, and many people were actively involved, which embodied the people's pursuit of good air quality. 1877, Miranda Hill established the Kyrle Society, the main goal is: Let the people have beautiful home. The association brings together famous entrepreneurs, academics and government officials at the time, although they have different backgrounds but have a common goal: to protect the environment. In the early 20th century, the "Governance of Soot Association" was established, 30 years later, it joined other associations to set up a "National Dust Control Association", from its name can be seen mainly for the smoke control at that time. 1957, renamed "National Air Purification Association". The change in name shows that the association's goals are further extended beyond the 19th century pioneer in environmental protection. At the same time, there are many similar organizations, such as water conservation, forest protection, prevention of land loss and conservation of natural resources, which played a big role in the British environmental protection at that time. It is undeniable that the civil society has made a positive contribution to environmental protection at that time, especially the awareness of public participation in environmental protection.

The 19th century environmental groups are generally formed by the elite, and with the development of society, civic awareness gradually awakening, the public participation in environmental groups gradually increased. Especially after the World War II, environmental groups broke through the limitations of elite organizations, showing the characteristics of the public.

The late 1960s, the British Environmental protection Organization relatively perfect, in 1987, the public Participation in environmental protection community personnel reached 100 million people, the Royal Bird Protection Association from the original 38 000 people to 300 000 people, Nature Reserves Association number and personnel also increased significantly. The scope of environmental protection community is enlarged, and is no longer limited to regional and National Union, and gradually to international standards. If the Alliance for the Prevention of coastal Pollution was established in 1960 and the Environmental Protection Association was established in 1966, 1973 also established the Socialist Environment and Resources Protection Association. After a long period of development, the environmental community not only in the number of large increase in the general public also widely participated in the awareness of international cooperation has been gradually enhanced, the form of movement has a variety and flexibility. As John McCormick, the British political scientist, said: "Britain has the world's oldest, most organized and popular environmental groups." ”

There are a group of special groups in the United Kingdom ―― without public officials, who often play a big role by virtue of their status. In the UK, many facts suggest that the Environmental Reform Act was originally a selfish bill, although these private bills are hard to convert into law, but provide a good reference and an evaluation mechanism for government work. Nabano regulations, a private bill proposed by Mr Gerard Nabano, aims to require the government to implement air cleaning legislation as soon as possible so that the Clean Air Act is implemented as soon as possible. These non-public councillors use their own influence to communicate their voice to decision makers, to a large extent, to promote the process of environmental governance. Here, we clearly see the impact of high-level political attitudes on environmental governance.

The British environmental problems have undergone a long process of governance, and it is undeniable that the obvious effect has been achieved. But until the the 1950s, Britain's industrial pollution was much more severe than the rest of the West, especially as haze and haze gradually deteriorated. At that time, the United Kingdom was relatively well-off, but the public did not have a longer life expectancy, many people because of environmental pollution loss of life. All this shows that despite the efforts of the British Government, the legal community and civil society, there is still a long way to go to eradicate the problem of environmental pollution. The smog problem in London is caused by a variety of causes, and governance is not done overnight. But from the legislation and the power of the people, so that the United Kingdom to establish a sound system of environmental governance, Britain gradually to a healthy road.

The United Kingdom emphasizes public participation in environmental governance, with the rights conferred by law and the resultant force of special groups, the public can truly participate in environmental affairs and ensure the effectiveness of British governance environment. At the same time, the British environmental community to mobilize a wide range of popular participation, public participation in environmental awareness enhanced. Environmental issues are a complex project, and public participation is essential. On the one hand, public participation can not only improve the quality of decision-making of the Environmental Protection Department, but also the exercise of public participation in political life, which is an important part of the democratic course of a country. The UK's experience in public participation in environmental governance has a very good enlightening effect on our country.

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