Essay代写：Spiritual beliefs－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Spiritual beliefs，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了精神信仰。自由是人类发展的终极追求，因而经济自由与人们的精神信仰高度相关。所有的经济活动都是以人为主体的社会活动，人的精神信仰决定了人们经济活动的取向和强度，这也正是人与动物的根本区别所在。任何国家的人都会具有精神信仰和心理追求，人们越是追求高尚纯洁的精神文化生活，就会愈加崇尚经济自由和公平正义。

In essence, the process of human development is a process of continuous pursuit of its own liberation. The ultimate direction of development is that human beings pursue their own freedom and full and comprehensive development. Therefore, the liberation of human subjects depends on their economic freedom. As freedom is the ultimate pursuit of human development, economic freedom is highly related to people's spiritual beliefs. All economic activities are people-oriented social activities. People's spiritual beliefs determine the orientation and intensity of people's economic activities, or the development quality of all people's economic activities, which is the fundamental difference between people and animals. In China's current transition period, if you ask people to fill out a form, in the column of very important spiritual beliefs, most Chinese people will fill in "nothing". However, if you think about it, if people generally have no spiritual beliefs, what can they believe? So if we live in a country where the vast majority of people have no faith at all, then anything bad can happen.

What is religion? What is faith? Does religion equal faith? We cannot answer the first two questions accurately, but we do not believe that religion and faith can be equated simply. On the one hand, as a long-term and widespread social phenomenon in the international community, religion has been in the human society for a long time. The so-called "existence is reasonable" means that any existence has its deep reasons behind it and deeply affects all kinds of human economic activities. On the other hand, as a "reasonable existence" religion, if there is no such religion in contemporary China with a large population and prominent social contradictions, people's behavior choices are mostly of typical opportunistic nature, and there is a general lack of extremely noble spiritual belief power behind economic activities. Some people believe that those disadvantaged social classes with low social status and often unequal treatment are more inclined to seek spiritual balance or psychological comfort in the empty world depicted by religion, and thus conclude that religion is the ignorance and superstition of the disadvantaged groups.

We do not deny that some religious members are indeed superstitious for lack of scientific knowledge and therefore have great blindness at the level of spiritual belief rather than a positive, healthy and valuable spiritual pursuit. But we also firmly believe that blind or ignorant religious believers are by no means the mainstream of religious belief, and that most of the middle class and elite in western developed countries are also generally religious. Article 36 of the constitution of the People's Republic of China chapter ii also advocates and protects the freedom of religious belief of Chinese citizens: "citizens of the People's Republic of China have freedom of religious belief. No state organ, social organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in or not believe in religion, nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in religion or citizens who do not believe in religion. The state protects normal religious activities.

Throughout the world, there has never been a religion that teaches its followers to be "false, evil and ugly". On the contrary, there is a widespread opposition to or rejection of any "false, evil and ugly" behavior. If take off the myth of religious coat, or is out of the traditional political doctrines designated by the theory of misunderstanding, we will be in or economic theory and practice and spirit of multidimensional level, it is easy to the cognition of the essence of religion is widely and persistently devoutly belief on mental level "true", in practice, all religious activities at the same time also to the pursuit of "truth". People are eager for justice and freedom and equality in their hearts, and religion is often the embodiment of "justice and freedom and equality" in the guise of god. People's pursuit of "truth, goodness and beauty" has been transformed into the call of the supreme god, which is in fact "natural human rights". In terms of causality, it is not religion that teaches people "fairness and justice and freedom and equality", but people from the bottom of their heart yearn for "fairness and justice and freedom and equality", so they generally choose the religion that conforms to people's inner desire to believe. Therefore, the history of religion has always been parallel with the history of human society. Or what. It is not because of religion that faith comes into being. On the contrary, it comes into being because of people's faith. Faith is the mother of religion. Therefore, we have every reason to firmly believe that faith is higher than religion and depends on religion. Faith comes from the heart of man and influences the heart of man. In a word, the citizens of any country will have spiritual beliefs and psychological pursuits. The more developed the economy and science and technology, the stronger the people's spiritual beliefs and psychological pursuits will be.

The original assumption in the field of economic research was that everyone was a "rational economic man", that everyone had the best interest at the least cost. But even under this assumption, there has always been debate and disagreement about whether people should lend a helping hand to a dying beggar, and therefore economics seems to lack moral justice.

In fact, Adam Smith, the founder of classical economics, published his wealth of nations in 1776 and argued the economic man hypothesis, just before he published his theory of moral sentiments in 1759. Personal benefit maximization is not limited to money that can be monetized and measured, but also includes spiritual happiness or psychological benefits that can help others. Herbert Simon, winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize in economics, said: 'this kind of altruism actually means intelligent self-interest. South African photographer Kevin Carter, the winner of the 1994 Pulitzer prize and the creator of the famous photo vulture waiting to eat a little girl, blamed himself for not helping the girl in time and committed suicide.

Modern economists have also revised and supplemented the rational economic man hypothesis, and put forward a series of hypotheses such as rational social man. They believe that the maximization of rational man's income is the maximization of his utility satisfaction, that is, the maximization of his spiritual needs. We believe that no matter which school of correction to rational economic man, its essence comes from the fact that people generally have spiritual pursuit and ideological belief, which is different from any other animal, and this is exactly the fundamental difference between man and animal. Everyone is the subject of behavioral choice with spiritual beliefs. People's beliefs will directly influence their own and even the economic behaviors and economic decisions of the whole economy, and then influence the economic structure and institutional arrangements of the whole economy, thus determining the development quality of each family and the whole country. The development and prosperity of any country is not only economic development and prosperity, but more important than that, the development and prosperity of spiritual culture. Moreover, spiritual belief also has core development value and supporting significance. In a word, anyone is not only an economic person, but also a social person with spiritual beliefs and psychological pursuits. This is the fundamental difference between human beings and animals and the spiritual pursuit of the evolution of economic system.

Spiritual belief is the psychological pursuit of people's spiritual world. Its essence is the development concept of people's behavior choice. Spiritual belief is composed of a series of subjective evaluations, which are mainly reflected in many values such as "ought not" and "worth not". It is these development concepts or values that determine the scope, boundary and strength of people's behavioral choices. If spiritual beliefs are considered "ought" and "worthy", people will do their best to act as quickly as possible.

When people put their ideas into practice, they are confronted with an economic world in which resources are very scarce. Therefore, there must be economic behavior competition to the same degree as scarcity, and the more scarce the resources, the more intense the competition will be. If economic competition is disorderly, the strong can rely on the barbaric violence and arbitrarily bullying the weak, the wealth of the weak, and human rights will suffer the arbitrary deprivation of the strong, and the weak will use any violent fight to defend their own wealth and human rights, economic and social development will fall into a vicious game so violent traps. If you can live and develop by violence deprivation, then any wealth creation activity that relies on wisdom and diligence will not be motivated, and violence will inevitably overflow into disaster, and the total wealth of the society will not increase at all. As there must be a large amount of rent dissipation in the course of wealth plunder, and the stock of social wealth must also show a decreasing trend, the inevitable result of violent game is that both sides will be damaged, and the economic and social development will stop or reverse accordingly. Therefore, the spiritual pursuit of any sound economic and social development is not the violent plunder and mutual harm, but only the diligent creation and mutual cooperation. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a game rule suitable for economic development -- economic system.

In theory, there are two possibilities for effective implementation and orderly operation of any system:

The first is the system that forces people to implement only by the threat of violence. The construction of this system does not require the consent and authorization of the public, but only a power system imposed by a few rulers to safeguard their own privileged interests and impose on the public. The basic features of this system are centralization and autocracy.

Second, the system authorized by the consent of the national public and universally recognized and can be implemented consciously, which conforms to the basic human rights and development will of the national public, and thus becomes a democratic system in the sense of modern civilization.

A true history of human development is, in fact, the history of the people's sustained pursuit of their own liberation, that is, the history of institutional change that has become more humane through constant adjustment of their relations with each other, or the history of civilization and the pursuit of mutually beneficial cooperation and peaceful development. Any violation of public opinion system structure will not for a long time, "the water can carry a ship can also upset it", no matter how powerful armed violence, can withstand time and powerful hone to public opinion, violence is to enforce some undesirable system be implemented, but usually has to meet people's violent and was abolished, so any system enforced by force must be difficult to maintain, enduring that is in the process of historical evolution mechanism of "voting with their feet".

The next question people often ask is: how can an economic system be universally recognized? Is a good system of high quality and high efficiency the result of human design or historical evolution?

In our opinion, any economic system that is generally accepted by the public is not an artificial arrangement made by a prophet, but a historical result of long-term evolution based on the spiritual belief of the people in the hearts of the people and through the system competition of survival of the fittest. Therefore, the essence of all economic development process is the evolution process of the economic system that the national public has long and spontaneously sought its inner desire, or it is also a pareto improvement process of trial and error and institutional change. When a person agrees with an economic system from the bottom of his heart, this economic system will become the desire and pursuit in his heart. When this desire and pursuit reaches all people, it will become the spiritual belief of an economic system. This belief will be universally recognized and carried out in economic decision-making and economic behavior, which will become a kind of consensual system in line with the development needs of the national public. Without the people's pursuit of happiness and the good faith formed by it, the good system that meets the needs of the people cannot be formed, and the good faith becomes a great driving force for the improvement of the system.

Spiritual belief is the great and irresistible force behind any system optimization change. In other words, it is the invisible public opinion hidden in the spiritual belief of the national public. The resulting superior economic system can be as stable as a rock, which is the institutional mystery behind the prosperity and prosperity of any country. The system has evolved internally because of the development needs of human nature, and the institutional characteristics in line with human nature will be more conducive to the continuous improvement of people's quality. From the perspective of evolutionary development, human nature and system are always in the process of mutual induction and adaptation.

Therefore, spiritual belief is the cornerstone of economic system evolution and development. If a kind of economic system is not based on national public spiritual beliefs and the pursuit of happiness, which is lack of common solid popular support, that its result is only one: the inner spirit of desire and the pursuit of happiness by violent repression, and eventually become the power source of violence against, and the accumulation of violence against, is bound to end or at the appropriate time to break the system.

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