Essay代写：The function of English craft guilds in city administration－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The function of English craft guilds in city administration，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国手工业行会在城市管理中的职能。英国是西方封建商业社会最具代表性的国家，商业、手工业起步最早，发展最快，其中许多制度彰显着鲜明的时代特征，行会制度就是其中之一。手工业行会在城市管理中的经济职能大体上可分为两大部分，即充当各级封建政府的征敛工具和管理城市工商业活动。而对城市工商业的管理，主要体现在对商品价格、加工费和工资报酬的严格监督上。

The congress is a closed organization with feudal privileges, whose feudal privileges are mainly manifested in monopolizing the right of employment externally and implementing the supereconomic mandatory management and supervision internally. Although the influence of guilds on the economic life of the city cannot be underestimated, there is no such organization as the guilds association that can control the industrial and commercial activities of the city. Each guild organization was granted distinct privileges, and its powers were strictly limited to the economic sphere concerned and to the members of the guild, which did not interfere in each other's internal affairs. In carrying out the religious, administrative and political functions of the guild, the beneficiaries and the punishers are essentially members of the guild.

The guilds in western European countries changed their organizational forms with the continuous improvement of productivity, which roughly experienced three stages: merchant guilds, handicraft guilds and guilds. However, the handicraft guild was the most representative form of guilds in the feudal era in Western Europe, which had distinct characteristics in the feudal economic history of the west. Therefore, this paper chose the British handicraft guilds as the object of study.

The economic functions of handicraft guilds could be divided into two parts: they served as the collection tool of feudal governments at all levels and managed urban industrial and commercial activities. As for the former function, generally speaking, after the establishment of handicraft guilds, in fact, they have become the representatives of the city businessmen. On the other hand, the feudal government at various levels will craft guild as a tool to control urban businessmen, if necessary they will not direct contact with the businessmen, the rubber hand craft guild to handle specific affairs, so city industrial and commercial operators of various feudal burden reached basically don't pay it directly to the feudal lords at all levels, but by the craft guild first episode, and turned over. In other words, the craft guilds paid most of their members' taxes, a practice that benefited both parties in the same way that feudal lords granted exemptions from commodity taxes to merchant guilds. In the 12th century, weavers' guilds in London, Lincoln, Oxford, york, Winchester, huntingdon, Nottingham and Winchester bleachers' guilds were given the privilege of contracting their own taxes. Under Henry ii, the London weavers' guild had to pay 2 marks of gold a year to the state workers as the price of contracting taxes and other privileges. This was not confined to the craft guilds of the woollen textile industry. In the same period, the baker's guilds of London paid the king 6 a year in association, in lieu of the product tax they were supposed to pay. Although the names are different, the substance is undoubtedly the same.

The handicraft guild's management of urban industry and commerce is mainly reflected in the strict supervision of commodity prices, processing fees and wages. In 1452, the regulations of the London shears' guild made it a charge of two pence a yard for the processing of scarlet and other woodgrain woolens. The stuff, folded up in genoese fashion, costs two pence a yard; Twelve stryghts, folded in Venetian style, cost eight pence a yard. In york, the bowmen's guild used the hourly wage and piecework wage to determine the amount of payment, and the piecework wage worker could get 16 pence for every 100 bows processed. The helper was paid by the hour; the guild provided him with one penny a week for half the year, and eight pence a week for the other half. Similar rules have been found in London's weavers' guilds, Bristol's bleaches' guilds, coventry's harlequins' guilds, leicester's weavers' guilds and London's blacksmiths 'guilds. Thus it can be seen that in many places the decision on the income of the businessman is basically in the hands of the craft guild. As wages and remuneration are one of the important factors affecting commodity prices, the strict regulations of handicraft guild in this aspect can not only make craftsmen in the same industry and at the same level in general, but also control commodity prices to a large extent. It also shows that there is indeed a uniform price standard within some craft guilds and that the deacons' right to Sue forces their members to maintain their own prices at a level acceptable to the craft guilds.

Modern researchers generally believe that handicraft guilds are an economic organization first and a social religious organization second, but on the surface, handicraft guilds often put religious obligations in the first place. One of the first ACTS of the establishment of any industrial guild was to select a patron saint and decide which of the churches to place candles in front of, for example, the lady of the church of saints in London. Many craft guilds came into being through the association of religious fraternities. The law of york silk was based on a license granted in 1357 to silk merchants, woolen merchants, underwear merchants and dyers to establish fraternities for religious and social purposes. However, this common religious belief is often only a superficial phenomenon, behind which there must be deep economic reasons.

Though craft guild has adopted a series of effective measures, in order to ensure the small and small businessman the basic living and production conditions, but it doesn't make its members to completely avoid all kinds of unexpected events, especially those from outside areas of the economy, therefore the craft guild have adopted some corresponding measures to help those less fortunate. The carpenter's guild of London set up a reserve fund in 1333, stating: "if any brother or sister should be impoverished by the will of god or by disease... From the third week after his illness, he will receive fourteen pence a week from the brotherhood before he is out of the woods. The London shoemaker's guild also stipulates that after the death of the patron, "if the wife is a decent woman, and she does not marry, she will also receive 7 pence a week."

As for the judicial function of handicraft guilds, the academic circles have different opinions. Some scholars tend to deny that handicraft guilds have real judicial power. They think that handicraft guilds only have the police function, that is, only have the power to bring the delinquent to the city law enforcement. This kind of opinion is one-sided, and the absence of jurisdiction does not mean the complete loss of judicial functions. The mediation right, which is not to arbitrate the disputes between its members through legal procedures, is one of the important contents of judicial power. Moreover, there is strong evidence of the existence of an independent guild court with some competence in the older craft guilds, especially in the wool textile guilds. Weave artisan guild guild London court hearing every Thursday, the court presided over by the four executive collectors, who are elected by members of the bank will, and has won the acceptance of the mayor, in addition to a court clerk assists the trial work, a bailiff summoned for sinners to appear in court, both received every year from the court fined after withdraw half a mark. At the request of an executor, any member of the board indicted in a city court may be transferred to the board court for trial; if two executors make a joint motion, they shall have the right to bring those weavers who are prosecuted even by members of the non-handicraft guilds to the guilds court for trial. In addition, the law at that time also clearly stipulated that the jurisdiction of the guild court should not exceed the scope of "debts, covenants, agreements and proceedings for minor violations", and should not impose fines on non-members of the guild.

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