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下面为大家整理的一篇优秀assignment范文-Immigration movements in China，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了中国的移民运动。中国历史上发生了三次规模比较大的移民行动，分别是古代从自然条件差的地方搬到其他自然条件好的地方、还有中国成立之后人们从东部转移到西北和东北地区、然后在上世界80年代，大量的人从农村迁移到城市地区为了更多的发展机遇，从西到东。

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Generally speaking, the internal immigration history within China has three major characteristics, which will be elaborated in the below: the first characteristic is that people from poor natural condition places moved to other good natural condition places in ancient China and such movement usually was a large number of migration; followed by the second that in the modern time (since the founding of the Republic until the mid 1980s), people moved from the east to the northwest and northeast regions in a well-organized way; then comes the third one that after the 1980s, the large number of people migrated from rural areas to the urban areas in order for more development opportunities and from the west to the east.

About the internal immigration history within China, there are altogether five aspects will be mentioned which are the prior five that I hold are concerned with the immigration issue. The first important event in Chinese history is the Southern Migration Wave during Yongjia chaos. To put it into more specifically, the Upheaval of the Eight Princes occurred during the Western Jin Dynasty (265-317 A.D.) when eight feudal lords rose and fought each other. Because of the Upheaval of the Eight Princes, Jin’s strength greatly reduced so that some minority nationalities in the north chose to migrate to the south toward some Southern Yangtze areas, such as Hunan province, Hubei province and some other provinces there (Zai Liang. 1996). At the same time, many royal families, aristocracies, rich and influential people had also subsequently migrated toward the south so that there were many hometowns of overseas Chinese, for example, Nan Sizhou, Nan Xuzhou, Nan Yunzhou, Nan Hongnong, Nan Xin’an. Comparatively speaking, the naming of those places are all begun with “Nan”, just like many countries in America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand are all begun with “New”, such as New York, New Orleans, New Wales, etc.

Then comes the sailing south toward Nanyang of the coastal residents from Guangdong province, Fujian province as well as other provinces. The concrete statistics show that 95% of people who came to Nanyang were from either Guangdong province or Fujian province (Shiro, Momoki. 1998). The sailing south toward Nanyang mainly began from the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty and it reached its climax by the end of the Qing Dynasty. The rationale why those people chose to move to Nanyang is to escape from political persecution and war state and Nanyang is the coastal area as is close to both provinces. It is recorded that there are about ten million Chinese among two hundred million people of Indonesia, around six million Chinese among twenty-five million people of Malaysia, around twenty million Chinese among sixty-five million people of Thailand, up to 90% Chinese among more than three million people in Singapore. There is no doubt that Singapore will tend to be the specific country with the highest proportion of overseas Chinese.

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What follows is the phenomenon of Journey beyond Xikou of those people from Shanxi, Hebei and so on. Journey beyond Xikou started from the middle of the Ming Dynasty and ended around the end of the Qing Dynasty (Kong, Shuyu. 2010). On one hand, there were too many people in Shanxi so that people’s life there was rather difficult. And on the other hand, the necessity of defense in the Inner Mongolia has led many people to begin the Journey beyond Xikou and later develop business and trade there (Chamberlain, Heath B. 1976). Journey beyond Xikou can be used to account for the prosperity and development of the northern region as it has actually helped get through the economic and cultural channels of the hinterland of the Central Plains and the grassland in Mongolia. The phenomenon of Journey beyond Xikou is actually one important part of Chinese immigration with limited number of immigrants.

Speaking of the internal immigration history within China, what is a must to mention is Braving the journey to the Northeast by people from Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shanxi etc (Liu, Yan. 2012). Braving the journey to the Northeast happened after the end of the Russo Japanese War at the beginning of 1905 (Kowner, Rotem. 2007). Braving the journey to the Northeast can be used to account for why there are so many residents in the northeastern areas. At that time, only those people who dared participate Braving the journey to the Northeast can be recognized as a true man. Those people migrated to the Northeast to act as labor force, to take refuge with relatives and friends and they could also take advantage of the wasteland there. But what is a pity to say is that after September 18th Mukden Incident, Braving the journey to the Northeast tends to be quite difficult for human beings to realize and some people have no choice but to stop such immigration. Braving the journey to the Northeast is on one hand a time of hardships for those residents and it is on the other hand a journey of struggle for them. The very city that is concerned much about Braving the journey to the Northeast is Dalian in that it is the major immigrants’ city shaped through this immigration activity.

The last phenomenon is the largest immigration movement since the reform and opening up. The reform and opening up formally began after the Third Plenary Session of Eleventh Central Committee in December, 1978, which indicates the complete liberation of China and China turns to develop quite well ever since. After the reform and opening up, the labor force rushed to the southeastern coasts and many migrant workers moved into the cities. For instance, more than 1,000 people in Shenzhen came from migrants all over the country and there are also 100,000 people moved to Hainan (Tang, Jianzhong. 1985). Shenzhen is the concrete immigrants’ city formed out of the reform and opening up. And there are more than one hundred million migrant workers had taken part in the urbanization process and such number would increase in a surprising speed in approaching days (Zhen, Li. 2008).

Works Cited

1. Chamberlain, Heath B. 1976. Impression of Agricultural Development in a North China County: Notes and Comment. Pacific Affairs. 49(4). Pp 667-679.

2. Kong, Shuyu. 2010. Cultural propaganda in the age of economic reform: popular media and the social construction of Shanxi Merchants in contemporary China. The China Journal. 63. P 79(21).

3. Kowner, Rotem. 2007. The impact of the Russo-Japanese War. New York: Routledge.

4. Liu, Yan. 2012. A study of surnames in China through isonymy. American Journey of Physical Anthropology. 148(3). Pp 341-350.

5. Shiro, Momoki. 1998. Dai Viet and the South China Sea trade: from the 10th to the 15th century. Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 12(1). Pp 1-34.

6. Tang, Jianzhong. 1985. Evolution of Urban Collective Enterprises in China. The China Quarterly. 104. Pp 614-640.

7. Zai Liang. 1996. Internal Migration in China in the Reform Era: Patterns, Policies, and Challenges. A chapter in an edited book entitled Demography in China in the 21st Century? (edited by Zhongwei Zhao and Fei Guo). Oxford University Press. Forthcoming.

8. Zhen, Li. 2008. Difference among the Growth of GDP and Urbanization of the provinces and the Cities in West China since the Reform and Opening-up. China Population, Resources and Environment. 18(5). Pp 19-26.

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