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下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Assimilation Problem of Japanese Immigrants，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了日本移民的同化问题。虽然很多日本人移民去了美国，但由于日本风俗和文化的影响，使得他们很难被美国同化。而日本政府也规定了无论在哪里出生的日本人，都是日本的公民。还有日本人对天皇的忠诚以及没有和美国人通婚，这些都是日本移民难以被同化的原因。

During the 1920s, a lot of Japanese people moved to the United States. However, a question is proposed about the assimilation of Japanese people in the American society. This essay illustrates argumentative points from two articles with contrasting ideas about the assimilation problem of Japanese immigrants in the 1920s. The essay contains three parts. The first part discusses an anti advocate of Japanese immigrants by McClatchy’s article “Japanese Residents Can Never Be Assimilated.” (McClatchy, 1921) The second part analyzes a defender of Japanese immigrants by Kanzaki’s article “Japanese Residents Are Assimilating.” (Kanzaki, 1921) The third part sums up the whole passage.

An Anti Advocate of Japanese Immigrants

According to McClatchy’s points of views, he stood on the position of an American to think about the assimilation problem. He thought that Japanese immigrants could never be assimilated by the United States, because Japanese people were not truly Americans and their behaviors were all influenced by the Japanese customs and culture. For this argument, it can be discussed in three perspectives.

First and foremost, Japanese people could not be assimilated due to cultural differences between Americans and Japanese. Japanese immigrants had their own cultural background and racial characteristics, heredity and religion. One important part was that there was no intermarriage between the American white people and Japanese people. Because of no intermarriage, the assimilation process of Japanese immigrants was not fully finished.

In the second place, the worship of emperor reduced the possibility that Japanese were assimilated by the American society. Japanese people worshiped the Mikado as the living God and they were very loyal to this God. For Japanese people, they were forced to worship at the Shinto shrines to receive the religious belief and ideals. However, in the United States, people worshiped Christianity and it was hard for Japanese people to fully accept the belief of the new religion.

In the third place, the Japanese laws stipulated by the Japanese government regulated that all Japanese were Japanese citizens no matter where they were born. Therefore, Japanese immigrants had to be loyal to their motherland and they could not be loyal to the United States. In their minds, Japanese people were more superior to any other races in the world with pride and sensitiveness. As a result, they could not fully accept being Americans.

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The author continued to point out that there are also three aspects related to the threat of Japanese immigrants to the United States.

Firstly, due to the feature of non-assimilability, Japanese didn’t totally accept the American value and they were disloyal American citizens. The author argued that Japanese people didn’t desire to help the United States and eventually be incorporated into the nation.

Secondly, the birth rate of Japanese immigrants was much higher than that of Americans, which added a heavy burden on the American society. With more population, the local Americans had to face more challenges due to the limited job opportunities and living resources. The competition in the American society would become fiercer, which was a great threat to the local American people.

Thirdly, due to the support from the Japanese government, Japanese immigrants had great advantages over American people in the perspectives of the racial characteristics and living standards. For Japanese residents, the alien characteristics like hardworking and industriousness determined that they were different from the Americans. However, the institutions were not ready for the change and the Japanese people would have advantages, so the Americans could not compete with them.

A Defender of Japanese Immigrants

According to Kanzaki’s points of views, Japanese immigrants were assimilated by the American society. For those American-born Japanese, they had accepted the concept of American value. He pointed out that the racial discrimination was a serious problem in the American society and the American laws were also beneficial to the local white people. Therefore, Japanese people could be more assimilated by the United States if there were less racial discrimination and legislative barriers.

For Kanzaki, he stood on the position of a Japanese to think about the assimilation problem. He proposed the definition of assimilation that Japanese immigrants made adjustments to the new living environment and adapted to the social, political, industrial and cultural organizations in the United States. He believed that the definition of assimilation was a relative concept instead of an absolute one.

Kanzaki disagreed about McClatchy’s idea that Japanese people were not assimilated due to the cultural background. On the contrary, he illustrated that Japanese people had accepted the American culture. For a large number of Japanese immigrants, they had regarded as America as their permanent home.

On the one hand, for American-born Japanese, especially for young people, their languages were English and manners and ways of thinking were American style. For those people, they didn’t adapt to the living environment in Japan when they returned to their hometown. They had adopted the full Americanism. For the next generations of Japanese immigrants, they had received American-styled education and their living modes, attitudes of thinking and philosophy of living were significantly Americanized. Therefore, Kanzaki has refuted McClatchy’s idea in the perspective of cultural background and Japanese habits.

On the other hand, during the Great War, American-born Japanese had devoted themselves to the serve in the army, which showed their patriotism and loyalty to the United States. According to the Japanese law, they were not allowed to become the citizens of America, but they still volunteered to attend the war fight for the United States. For this point, it can be inferred that Japanese immigrants are loyal to the new country with is contrary to McClatchy’s idea in the perspective of loyalty.

However, the process of Japanese assimilation by the United States was slow. For this aspect, Kanzaki argued that Americans were the main reason to be blamed for.

Firstly, Americans had prejudices against Japanese immigrants. In their minds, Japanese were different from them, which slowed down the process of Japanese assimilation. Kanzaki claimed that Americans should not bear no unfriendly feelings or any superiority when judging the qualities of Japanese people. Furthermore, the author also took Pilipinos as an example that different races were treated differently. He promoted that Japanese immigrants should be treated friendly and equally instead of being persecuted.

Secondly, Japanese immigrants could not enjoy the same rights like the local Americans, which were reflected in the legislation aspects. Like the California Alien Land Law and the consequent laws, Japanese were not allowed to have the same rights as the Americans of having a land. As a result, Japanese were restricted in the development of many aspects and the assimilation process was also forced to speed down.

Thirdly, the leaders of anti-Japanese agitators had admitted the qualities of Japanese and claimed that Japanese immigrants were assimilable. According to the comments of these anti-Japanese leaders like McClatchy and Phelan, Japanese people were sober, industrious, cooperative and hardworking. Therefore, it seemed contradictory that these leaders argued that Japanese people could never be assimilated by the article written by McClatchy. More importantly, the saying that Japanese immigrants imposed a significant threat to the United States was also not reasonable.

Conclusion

From the above comparison of the two articles, it can be concluded that the two authors stood on the different position. For McClatchy, he stood on the position of Americans. For Kanzaki, he stood on the position of Japanese immigrants. McClatchy claimed that Japanese immigrants could never be assimilated due to cultural difference, the worship of emperor and the strict laws by the Japanese government. In addition, McClatchy pointed out that Japanese immigrants were a great threat to the American society. From McClatchy’s points of view, it seemed very subjective and prejudice could be implied. On the contrary, Kanzaki’s article is a contradiction to McClatchy’s comments about Japanese immigrants. He stated that the definition of assimilation was a relative concept instead of an absolute one. By specific examples, Kanzaki demonstrated the young American-born Japanese had been accustomed to American modes of thinking and living patterns and Japanese immigrants were loyal to the United States. Furthermore, he suggested that Americans should bear no discrimination against Japanese immigrants and Japanese people should have the same rights as the local people, which was conducive to the process of Japanese assimilation.

Reference

V.S. McClatchy, “Japanese Residents Can Never Be Assimilated.” Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science, 1921, 93(1):29-34.

Kiichi Kanzaki, “Japanese Residents Are Assimilating.” California and the Japanese, Japanese Association of America, 1921.

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