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本篇paper代写：Lin Zexu--A National Hero of China讨论了民族英雄林则徐。林则徐出生在清代，是一所老式私立学校的教师之子。1838年，道光皇帝指派总督林则徐停止鸦片贸易。起初，林则徐试图采取一些措施，杜绝在广州非法进口鸦片，但却没有效果。这让林则徐不得不采用武力解决问题，强行逮捕那些鸦片商人，并缴获他们的鸦片，统一进行销毁。这次事件也被称为虎门销烟，奠定了林则徐民族英雄的地位。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Abstract: This historical novel tells the story of a Chinese national hero named Lin Zexu, who devoted his whole life to his service to the country. The novel presents the characteristics of Lin Zexu by recording his life stories, mainly following the story line of the destruction of opium. The story begins by introducing the main character's childhood, which was mainly about his education, and experience of early career. Then the story focuses on the event of destruction of opium at Humen, the most globally well-known contribution Lin had made. It introduces the historical background of how opium trades started, what was China like before the elimination of opium trades, and what happened after the destruction of opium.

Born in Qing Dynasty, Lin Zexu was the son of a teacher working at an old-style private school. The father himself did not go to school until he turned 13 years old. His classmates were much younger than him and often laughed at him. Learning from his past, Lin's father brought Lin Zexu to school when he was only four years old. Lin sat on his father's lap while listening the lecture given by the father.

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Lin's family was very happy even though they were very poor. Once his neighbor came by his house and heard loud laughter of the family. Out of curiosity, the neighbor visited the family and found out the family were sitting around the desk for a meal, with only one dish, tofu.

Lin's father kept an open mind on education. He taught his students both knowledge and morality. With his systematic guidance and teaching skills, many of his students passed the Chinese imperial examinations and ten people even got the degree of jinshi, equivalent of a modern Doctor of Literature degree. The degrees in Chinese imperial examinations represented the ladder of success because this examination was the only way for the poor to office.

As a child, Lin was unusually smart. He could create a good poem when he was only nine years old. In 1806, Lin was 21 years old. It was in this year he started his political career as a clerk, recording trades at Port of Xia'men. Port of Xia'men was well developed with many kinds of trades. This job expanded his vision. It was then he came to know the existence of opium smuggling and started to collect first-hand information about it. Then he made up his mind changing this bad situation.

Because of his devotion to work and high moral standards, Lin was recommended to become an examiner of the imperial examinations. After his father heard about it, he reminded Lin should be extremely careful and fair in choosing talents.

No matter at what grades of office, he always did impressive work. He rose quickly through his several provincial services.

At that time China only allowed trades with European countries at the port of Canton. The Canton System, also known as the single port commerce system, was devised to limit trades with European countries. China was basically self-sufficient. But many products in China, particularly silk, porcelain and tea, were demanded in large amount by Europe. This resulted in huge trade surplus for a long period. China received a large flow of silver from European countries, which made some aggressive people very uncomfortable and discontent.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Great Britain was about to finish its first industrial revolution, which started from 1760. Britain had made lots of breakthroughs and innovations on technologies. Transitions from hand-made to machine, new production processes, the use of steam power and new machinery all greatly contributed to much larger output. To earn more silver, Britain was very eager to export its products to a large eastern country called China.

Unfortunately for Britain, China imported far less products than it exported. China only needed stuffs like jewelries and watches from the Europe. The British East India Company was the major "victim" of this situation since it had monopoly of British trade. The fact China had been strictly controlling trade made Britain realize that they should look for a different way to make the trade happen.

In the nineteenth century, some people in China were already using opium for recreational purposes. But due to a limited amount of supply, the price was too high. Not so many people could afford it. The British East India Company was growing opium in India in a very large scale. The company then decided to sell opium to individual dealers along the coasts in China. Through middlemen, opium was soon sold to many Chinese people, especially those rich people looking for recreation.

Chinese people were told opium was a medicine and could do magic to health. Because of the closed-door policy the country had been insisting on, Chinese people were ignorant of what was really going on outside of China. The Daoguang Emperor himself even asked whether a trip to Britain could be made on land. Most people were unaware of the harm that opium could bring. Besides, the imperial examinations China adopted for selecting officials included mostly literature, instead of science and technology. This resulted in a lack of common senses that might seem obvious today.

Soon many Chinese people became addicted to opium and had to pay for more. As they wished, Britain received reverse silver flow.

Since the opium supply had expanded, it became a trend for people to smoke opium. First the trend started among the rich. Some rich people were actually aware that they would become addicted once they started using opium. But they did not care because they had the time and money for this expensive "hobby". More sadly, something that could kill time and bring them easy joy were exactly they were looking for.

Then the poor followed the trend even they could not afford it. Smoking opium was a representation of social status in the society. Opium could get people addicted very fast and then it was very hard to quit. The poor often had to give up everything to buy more opium, even selling their children on the street.

It was quite a horrible scene in the country. Women were smoking opium before they prepared for a nap. Men were smoking opium while lying on deck chairs. Soldiers were smoking opium even they should stay strong to do their job. Officials were smoking opium because they also wanted to have fun. People lost their purposes of life.

In this country, people from rich to poor, including all trades, were looking for this self-destroying "happiness". This was because people were not happy in the first place. After years of wars, Chinese people lacked a sense of security. The Qing government was corrupted, unable to manage the country at all.

The Qing government realized the reverse silver flow and so many people were addicted to opium. The government became aware of the serious situation but they could not find an effective way to solve the problem. Besides the incompetent and useless management of the country, as China had not explored sea and did not have navy, the country could not combat marine troops sent by Britain. Later, the government allowed plantations of opium in China for the purpose of reducing import of opium and collecting more taxes from opium plantation.

As a result, import of opium was reduced to a certain extent. But the government was caught in another dilemma, which was even more people were using opium. The people who planted opium naturally became addicts of opium. The society fell apart. If the government did not allow plantation of opium, the smuggling of opium could not be reduced and much less tax would be handed to them. If plantation of opium continued, less food were produced because there was not enough arable lands already.

In 1838, Viceroy Lin Zexu was appointed by the Daoguang Emperor to stop opium trades. Lin was famous for his high moral standards, outstanding achievement and being formidable at work. He was known by the Daoguang Emperor because of his excellent work and contributions to people at his many positions, especially his achievement in elimination of opium in Jiangsu Province.

At first Lin visited many opium dens to do investigations in Guangzhou, where the only port allowing foreign trades was situated. Britain sold nearly 1 400 tons of opium to China every year. He arrived in Guangzhou at the beginning of the year 1939. Lin tried to implement certain measures to eliminate illegal opium importing in Guangzhou. Thirteen Hongs of Canton, a neighborhood where foreign countries traded with China, was required to pass on Lin's order to the foreign dealers, "hand in all opium and promise in written not to bring any more opium into China". But of course, the foreign dealers would not follow his orders so easily.

Lin wrote an open letter to Queen Victoria questioning the moral standing of the British selling opium to China. He said China would forbid this harmful drug for good. Lin seemed to believe Britain was going to reflect their behavior after reading his letter. Like all Chinese people, Lin were under the influence of Confucianism. The core of Confucianism was humanism. Lin expected the foreign trader would respond to his moral standards.

Then Lin tried to forfeit foreign opium stores by giving Chinese teas to Britain as compensation. Britain had a large demand for Chinese tea at that time. The British dealers did not agree to make the exchange. Lin had to resort to forces to resolve the matter. Over 1700 Chinese dealers were arrested, along with 70,000 opium pipes being handed in. Some Chinese opium dealer were sentenced to death. To make the foreign opium dealers surrender their opium stocks, Lin ordered to block the path to Canton port. The foreign dealers were isolated in Guangzhou.

Charles Elliot, the British Superintendent of Trade, arranged the British opium ships to flee and prepare for engagement.But the foreign dealers were isolated in their warehouses by Lin. At last the foreign dealers surrendered 20,283 chests of opium without compensation. On June 3, Lin ordered to destroy all the opium publicly on the beach in Humen, a place near Guangzhou. The destruction of opium at Humen was soon well known by the world and agitated Britain.

Lin later demanded the foreign dealers to sign bonds promising they would not smuggle opium into China again. But only some businessmen who did not smuggle opium signed the bond. Lin kept the the port of Canton out of opium smuggling for several months.

The Daoguang Emperor was very satisfied with the work Lin Zexu had done to eliminate opium trades. The emperor sent his calligraphic works to Lin as his birthday present. Lin was honored national hero for his achievement in eliminating opium trades by his contemporaries.

But Britain began to show its real intention of smuggling opium into China. In 1840, the British navy attacked Guangzhou. Lin was well prepared and successfully defeat the British navy. The British navy then sailed north to attack Dinghai, Zhejiang Province. As the local officials failed to prepare well and Chinese troops did not own the advanced weapons like those the British navy had, the city was taken by Britain on July 5. In August 9, the British navy arrived at the port of Tianjin, threatening to attack Beijing on its next move.

The Daoguang Emperor was very anxious and did not know what to do. He sent an official named Qishan to find out the intention of the British navy, whether it was China's trade policy or the elimination of opium trades. Qishan framed Lin Zexu by reporting it was because of the elimination of opium trades that the British navy started the war. The Daoguang Emperor was eager to make peace with Britain. As a result, Lin became the scapegoat and was exiled to Xinjiang, a border of China. Qishan took over his office. However, the British did not stop attacking China.

It was such an irony that the Daoguang Emperor thought exiling Lin Zexu to Xinjiang would keep China safe. The destruction of opium at Humen was only a catalyst for the war. The truth was the British had been finding an excuse for its fascist invasion. The subsequent wars and treaties proved the fact the British invaded and occupied China with gunboat policy.

After saying goodbye to his wife, on his way to Xinjiang, Lin Zexu expressed his patriotism by creating a poem. The poem meant "One should uphold his country's interest with his life, he should not do things just to pursue his personal gains and he should not be evade responsibilities for fear of personal loss". This soul-shaking poem also reflected Lin's great personality. The country betrayed him, but he still loved his country and put the interests of his country before himself.

In his four years in Xinjiang, Lin Zexu remained his hardworking style. He spent a lot of time doing researches in the whole province. He was one of few people who recorded Muslim culture at that time. Lin came up with the national defense theory that Russian Empire was a possible threat to China. After sixty years, his theory was proved by what happened.

After four years in Xinjiang, Lin was rehabilitated and became Governor-general again. Lin died in 1850 on his way to suppress the Taiping Rebellion in Guangxi Province. His life was devoted to his service to his country at last.

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