Essay代写：Communication and military psychological warfare－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Communication and military psychological warfare，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了传播学与军事心理战。在现代战争中，心理战已经发展成为一种全方位的战略行动，它已融入到政治、外交等战略之中，综合为实现国家的战略目标服务。利用传播学中的长期效果理论、整体宣传理论、意识渗透理论和文化研究理论等研究成果来进行心理战运作，也已经成为一种必然趋势。

Military psychological warfare and has close relation with the dissemination study, the research contents of psychological warfare is how to use the effective information communication to achieve influence psychological warfare object's psychology, attitudes, and behavior, and communication research object is the communication activities of human society. Therefore, psychological operations research in the process of its birth, development has been affected by the communication research deeply. The us all in after the first world war in the war are consciously communication research into the psychological warfare operations.

So-called military psychological warfare, refers to specific information media for weapons, through effective information stimulation to change the enemy's mental state, to achieve the confusion, lead to hostile policy mistakes, will decline and the decrease of the strength of the purpose of the operation. And since the date of its birth, the mass media in the dissemination of information and the impact of the role of public opinion has received the affirmation of the theory and practice of the double, natural in military psychological warfare becomes important weapon.

The role of the military psychological warfare in three aspects: the first is to isolate hostile as much as possible, make the enemy in deep moral condemnation of public opinion environment, caused the weakness of the enemy's on the psychological and public opinion on the weaknesses. Secondly, shape good image for themselves, and can maximize the Allies, resulting in their war soldiers battlefield mental strength and advantage of public opinion; A third is to the people inside the country or a nation, the height of the support, formed a strong public opinion. And the three aspects of function, is inseparable from the mass media actively cooperate with.

About the relation of mass media and war, napoleon had said metaphor: "one newspaper, judah allied team also." As early as 1927, a political scientist, he in a paper in World War II propaganda technique, it puts forward the political persuasion strategy, audience psychology, concepts of symbol manipulation. And this information must be with the aid of certain carrier to spread, the use of mass media in military psychological warfare include books, newspapers, radio, television, and even music and movies. Due to the mass media has extensive penetration and good social credibility, causing them to become an indispensable part of the running process of psychological warfare. Can say, leave the medium of the masses, psychological warfare cannot be implemented.

In war, the selection and use of mass media, to a great extent, determines whether it can play the role of psychological warfare and objective realization. An important content in military psychological warfare, through all kinds of information is going to destroy enemy soldiers will and morale, shake and the fight against hostile Fang Guomin support war. Mass media can be according to the "agenda-setting" theory, through the information selection, pointing to the spread of activities, inform, explain and persuade social effect, so as to achieve the psychological deterrent against opposing and destroy the purpose of the spirit.

In war, war decision making is often decided the outcome of the key factors, once appear in the decision making process on the environment error of judgment, can cause the decision, behavior and so on a series of mistakes, and eventually led to war. Communication home, he thinks, the mass media is an important function of monitoring the environment, he thinks that people can continuous transferring information through mass media and understand and master the changes of the environment, and what has happened, what's going on, what is going to happen to confirm, and then decide whether he should do. During the war, the mass media can have a choice of information dissemination, conduct propaganda "gray", induced hostile to make wrong judgment. Like a war, during the second world war, the warring countries have used propaganda "gray" psychological warfare, has achieved obvious effect.

The birth of communication research and development, with the two world wars have very close relationship. By lippmann and lars weir's point of view, the essence of communication is "as a weapon to impose one's will to others, or the public". In the period between two world wars, transmission is thought to be in the appropriate way to transmit any information to attain the goal of ideological, political and military targets. During this period, America's military and intelligence propaganda consciously ideas of communication studies to determine, the political and military inspired, ideological propaganda, etc. To the "radio free Europe" so called "American foreign policy is the cheapest, the safest and the most effective tools."

Before World War II, the German public communication and public opinion experts have started to use their knowledge and technical service for Nazi propaganda. And Rockefeller foundations in the United States organized a secret conference, to discuss how to use communication research for war service in the United States.

The study of communication theory in the war, in the process of psychologists Scott hovland research is very representative. Scott hovland was assigned by the military in world war ii, the documentary "who we fight for the psychological influence to the soldiers, the focus of the study skills and communication effect for the problem. In fact, from the second world war in the 1950 s, American communication research purposes, for the most part, from the U.S. national security needs. According to 1952 statistics of the national fund for social sciences mainly in the study of communication, more than 96% of funds provided by the U.S. military. From 1945 to 1960, the U.S. military, intelligence and propaganda department provides all large main funds. As a result, many received government funding and communication scholars are the research as the focus of research in psychological warfare. The American society for the study of public opinion in the 1951 annual meeting, the scholars agree that the international communication research is a prominent contribution to the American psychological warfare. Glock's thesis of "comparative study of propagation and opinion formation, in order to strengthen the psychological warfare of the American main goal - Italy and near east - the manipulation of public opinion.

In addition, a lot of breakthrough in the study of communication development is closely related and psychological warfare. Such as "personal effects" in the study of communication and the theory of "two levels of communication", formed in the "voice of America in the Middle East in the process of the spread of the activities of the investigation, and later to the Philippines in the study of the use of specific and further research. "Diffusion theory" from funded by the U.S. air force air-dropped leaflets effect of research projects. This theory is for the U.S. air force of the Korean war propaganda and the service.

Since the 1970 s a few local war, psychological warfare has showed its all-round and multi-level characteristics. Pointing at the enemy's troops, not just for the psychological warfare also points to the head of the hostile countries and all the people. Its scope is not only confined to the battlefield, but penetrated into the political, economic, science and technology, culture, diplomacy and other fields.

Since the 1990 s, the psychological warfare inspired by whole publicity theory, the purpose of reach by overall national strategic plan to advance together. The use of psychological warfare way diplomacy and economic measures, propaganda, and military means. During the gulf war, the americans were on psychological warfare left the Iraqi surrender, more than 80000 people in the war in Iraq, U.S. military also attaches great importance to psychological warfare, adopted various means of psychological warfare, in addition to using missiles and aircraft to Iraq to "hard effects" the first battle, but also open up with gossip and mix of news and information on "soft killing" of the first world war ii. In fact, before waging war in Iraq, America's psychological warfare in Iraq was already in full swing, the first is the President of the United States and the national important officials personally through diplomatic activities to isolate Iraq, maximum limit for support on international opinion. Secondly, through the economic blockade and economic sanctions, against Iraq war potential. A third is through the international public opinion propaganda, looking for suitable for waging war, justified. Such as bush was formally established in the White House "global" propaganda office, dedicated to promote the cooperation with foreign stations, television stations, in order to send the message to the world and strive for overseas public support for American military force in Iraq. Around the United States believes that, through the psychological warfare, alienating saddam and its general relationship, can get the result of general military reach. On the first day of war, for example, American missile attacks on Baghdad, intends to kill saddam hussein. Very quickly and the next day, the mainstream media reported in detail the whole process of implementation of this secret decision, give a person with the Iraqi government internal did someone told U.S. intelligence agencies of saddam hussein's whereabouts. For this purpose, even the British media bluntly pointed out that it is this in the United States. The gulf war, the "desert storm" commander in chief schwarzkopf said of the effectiveness of the approach is: "the psychological impact. Saddam hussein now know whereabouts is exposed to people around him, he then how could one not have scary."

In short, in the modern war, psychological warfare has developed into a comprehensive strategic action, it has been integrated into the political, economic, diplomatic, cultural strategy, such as integrated to achieve the strategic goals of the national service. Using the theory of long-term effects in the study of communication theory, as a whole, the research results such as infiltration theory and cultural studies theory to carry out psychological operations, also has become an inevitable trend.

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