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下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Fake news and Real news in The Age of the Internet，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了互联网时代的媒体新闻。不同的媒体传播技术表现出不同的新闻特征和手段。与传统媒体相比，互联网等新媒体可以接触到大量受众，获得受众的反应。全球化的媒体也极大地影响了国际文化价值观，破坏了当地的文化。在政治意向方面，媒体传播重新定义了媒体是讨论具体问题，还是征询人民意见。

Introduction

The media and communication technologies have hugely developed in the past history period. They can more or less influence a country’s politics, economy, culture and society. The main purpose of this essay is to analyze and discuss the biases and culture studies of media and communication, and their implications of politics. The essay first discusses the role of media and communication in the U.S. election, and the biases in connection with media. Following this, it discusses the changes of the meaning of ‘news’ in different media technologies. It also analyzes the prospect and risks for the national cultures in an era of globalized media. Finally, it explains the relations and implications between media and politics.

Role of media and communication in the U.S. election

Media and communication has been playing an important role in the U.S. election (Hardt 1998, p.115). The emergence of new media has not only changed people’s daily life, it is also quietly changing people’s political life (Hardt 1998, p.116). Taking the Obama’s election as the example, Obama needs to door to door knocking for votes before the new media. After the new media, Obama can conveniently be for votes through the Internet.

In fact, the media has changed the political landscape in the United States. In the end of the 19th century, American newspaper media gradually developed (Hardt 1998, p.115). The leader of the media industry Pulitzer supported Cleveland to run for President after acquisition the world newspaper and exposed his political rival scandal, which was an important chip for the president election of Cleveland (Hardt 1998, p.116). On September 26 of 1960, in a TV studio, John Kennedy and his rival, Richard Nixon began the American history TV debate for the presidential candidate. Most audiences on the radio thought that Nixon gained the upper hand. However, the audience in front of TV can see that Kennedy was easier and more self-controlled. Kennedy won the presidential election later, although not all TV media credit, the televised debate has since become necessary link for the U.S. election.

In the 21st century, the Internet and other new media played an important role in the U.S. election. In 2008, Obama almost overturned the presidential election mode through making full use of the Internet. With the high popularization of the network, the network is one important way of public opinion. With the popularity of web 2.0, the network community paying attention to the user interaction and independent creation become the main force of leading the development of the Internet such as Youtube, Facebook, MySpace, etc. In these online communities, ordinary people can create web logs, upload video and pictures and express their own points of view. The young people of the United States are the first generation growing up with the Internet groups. Their behavior characteristics of the desire to share information and team orientation will influence the culture and politics of the United States. For example, the rise of the internet community such as MySpace and Youtube changed the social network, which further changed the political landscape of the United States.

Different uses of the term, bias, in connection with media

Bias is widely used in different methods in connection with media. Harold Innis often uses the term bias in a specific way. The term bias for his expression emphasized an objective approach rather not a preference or prejudice of a thing, which mainly refers to an inherent tendency of technologies of communication (Innis 2008 ,p.226). In terms of the media, the term bias approach can be used to explain related issues of media and communication. In Harold Innis’s book “The Bias of Communication”, he used the biases of communication technologies for what people call media. Innis (2008, p.228) thought that people can become more clearly of the implications of media communication on empires and individuals by understanding of the term bias with respect to media that refers to coloring our view of a particular thing. Innis also uses the word bias occasionally with a more common sense. For example, he called his own bias through comparing the oral form communication and written form communication for media. His view is that the written media communication form such as newspaper and books played a dominate role for a lot of years and have huge influence on the political pattern. For instance, it led to the outbreak of the two world wars. Innis (2008, p.229) also believes that the written communication can be easier and quicker to transform the information.

Edward Said also uses the term bias in covering islam events in the mass media. His bias for the treatment of islam coverage is that the main objective of coverage of islam events is to cover up the facts rather than expose it (Waston & Hill 2015, p.369). He thought that the news coverage should never view the Muslim countries in a simple way because the category it covers is very broad and it is not appropriate to describe the realities (Waston & Hill 2015, p.365). Edward Said also showed his bias on the use of the word “the west” on the mass media. He expressed his view that the term is value and misleading generalization. He thinks that the use of Christianity is the core definition of Islam. However, other countries should not use the religion to define their countries because the use of religion as defining the entire societies is often based on some reasons, for instance, covering up the realities.

Changes in the meaning of ‘news’

The news is in the early period presented with the printing press. The printing press mainly refers to the newspaper (Waston & Hill 2015, p.389). On the newspaper, the communicated information is quite limited. Many details of news can not reflected in the newspaper. In addition, it is impossible for readers to express their thoughts or opinions. Last but not least, the printing press only can achieve limited audiences.

In order to reach more users, the mass media rises, including the broadcast, film, video games and Audio recording (Waston & Hill 2015, p.389). The mass media can achieve ‘one-to-many’, namely reaching many audiences through mass communication (Waston & Hill 2015, p.389). Compared to the printing press, the mass media can pass the barriers of time and space to reach to those far removed audiences (Waston & Hill 2015, p.389).

Today, the new media form such as computers, tablets and so on plays a potential advantage of connecting people constantly. The meaning of ‘news’ in this form of technology media can be reflected through the word ‘connectivity’. The rise of Internet was first resulted from the blogs on which people can freely express their personal opinions and thoughts (Waston & Hill 2015, p.389). However, the blogs lack of the interactivity, which was achieved gradually with the rise of twitter and facebook. The new media mainly refers to the internet on which people can conveniently load the images and videos and comment on the online webs, which is a huge advantage compared to the traditional printing press. The most important is that the internet makes that people can experience themselves and the world. Compared to the old media technologies, the new media achieves ‘many-to-many’, which means that the news can reach masses of users. In return, the users can respond to them.

It is speculated that the future media will become quicker to connect people. In the future, the media will be intelligent technology combined with mature people thinking. This means that everyone has the ability to perceive the future and predict the future. People’s perception and the advice of others will be able to accomplish the future of an industry and promote the development of an industry.

The prospect and risks for national cultures

In the era of global media, the cultures’ spread among countries become quicker and a country’s culture can be hugely influenced by other countries’ culture (Baran & Barrosse 2004, p.287). Different countries can together discuss the cultural values and develop better value views to promote the social’s progress (Baran & Barrosse 2004, p.287). For example, the Arab Spring events proved that the ideology and cultural values are the keys to participate in the international competition in the smooth global information communication environment. As a national soft power, the spread of cultural values, on the one hand can play a positive role in promoting the global development. On the other hand, it also has the opposite effects. For one thing, the spread of the cultural values among countries through the global media can obtain the understanding and recognition. For another thing, the quick liquidity of hybrid information also to certain extent destroyed the traditional ethnic culture structure. Once the foreign culture value system countered to the traditional culture systems of the nationalities, it will lead to the outbreak of nationalist sentiment.

In a media globally era, the boundary of national cultures can be broken down (Baran & Barrosse 2004, p.287). For example, the Internet can influence the product process globally, which further declines the boundaries between economy and cultures. People become less secure on the support and a sense of community when the national culture is undermined in the global media era. For example, the global economy and media form makes the products can be traded on the international markets and the owners can fully take advantage of the cheap labor force in other countries. This is a threat of the local countries’ labors and they may face the unemployment or lower payment. The national or local culture will not operate in the difficult times. People more tend to the religion as a resource to help them spend the uncertain times.

Relations and influences between media and politics

The development of social media has an increasingly close interaction with the political activities, making the modern politics gradually to a new kind of political form (Baran & Barrosse 2004, p.287). The political process to a great extent has been communicated through media, including political management, public policy, political participation and political rule and so on (Baran & Barrosse 2004, p.287). Especially, the electronic government affairs occurred after the rise of the Internet, which made huge changes in the government management. In the information age, the government every time faces the huge pressure from the social media. As in 2008 initiated by former British politicians and senior civil servants, the press and television has been putting the huge pressure on the government and the government had little time to implement the coherent legislation and administrative decisions.

In addition, social media can influence the form of participating in the politics for people. Traditionally, young people use the elections or party membership to participate in the politics (Baran & Barrosse 2004, p.287). The occurrence of the social media makes people have new definition of the politics. People can review the politics as solving specific issues or adopt the actions rather than only the election framework. For example, the social media, Tunisian Bloggers, has an instrumental impact in promoting the country’s democracy. The occurrence of Bloggers makes people believe that real democracy can only happen through discussing and consulting the particular issues under the rule with the social media rather than through voting according to the rule. Therefore, the social media redefines the forms of politics as researching the specific issues and consulting people’s opinions rather than elections or party membership.

Last but not least, the social media can influence the social stability. For example, the social media makes more and more young people gaming on the Internet, including kids and women, which may lead to more family contradiction. In particular, when kids see many violence films or movies, they can follow the behaviors on the films and lead to the violence events in real life. This will raise the social issues and political instability.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the media and communication played an important role in the U.S. election. The different media communication technologies show different characteristics and means for news. Compared to the traditional media, the new media such as Internet can reach a large audience and gain the response of the audience. The globalized media also hugely influenced the international culture values and undermined the local countries’ culture. In terms of the politics implications, the media communication redefines the media as discussing the particular issues and consulting the people’s opinions rather than only party membership or election.

References

Baran, S. J., & Barrosse, E. (2004). Introduction to mass communication. Media literacy and culture. McGraw-Hill.

Hardt, H. (1998). Interactions: Critical studies in communication, meida, & journalism. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc.

Innis, H.A. (2008). The bias of communication. University of Toronto Press.

Waston, J., & Hill, A. (2015). Dictionary of media and communication studies. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.

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