下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- America's innovation ecosystem，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的创新生态系统。最近，新一轮科技革命和产业变革孕育兴起。在这一过程中，美国引领着云计算、大数据、人工智能等新技术、新模式发展，始终处于创新的前沿。美国把人才、教育、资本、技术等方面的优势，与联邦政府以及州等地方政府的扶持与引导，有效融合形成了独特的良性运转的创新生态系统，为创新活动以至技术和产业变革持续提供强大动力。
The United States is the country with the highest level of innovation, the most achievements and the strongest ability of transformation and application. At present, the United States is accelerating the full digital transformation, accelerating the cultivation of platform economy and digital economy, constantly updating new models of innovative development, cultivating unique innovation ecosystem, in scientific and technological innovation, achievement transformation, business innovation, financing innovation, talent incentive, and other aspects, can learn from the practice.
Recently, the state council research office of labor and trade research department, deputy director of the lines took part in the national development and reform commission group, the eighth period government staff innovation leadership seminar, innovation elements in the United States is the most populated places such as SAN jose, Boston to attend training, in-depth famous high-tech companies such as cisco research, understand the innovation of the United States, ecosystem, to form the report. From now on, the report will be divided into two parts and published in China economic weekly.
In recent years, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is emerging. The new economic model with data as the production factor is reshaping the global economic pattern and competitive advantage. The information economy represented by the platform economy is rapidly emerging, forming new economic growth points and new development models. In this process, the United States has led the development of new technologies and models such as cloud computing, Internet of things, big data, artificial intelligence and sharing economy, and has always been at the forefront of innovation. The main reason is that the United States effectively integrates the advantages of talents, education, capital, technology, philosophy and management with the support and guidance of the federal government, state and other local governments to form a unique and well-functioning innovation ecosystem, which provides a strong driving force for innovation activities and even technological and industrial changes.
Innovation in essence is the enterprise as the main body, on the basis of the technology, for-profit activities, innovation especially the major key to breakthrough and innovation in what direction can be translated into new products and innovative products can smooth business success, and so on, have a lot of uncertainty, is also the government is difficult to control and guide. In the United States, especially the high-tech active regions represented by silicon valley, enterprises are always the subject of innovation activities, leading the whole process from scientific and technological innovation to commercial innovation and industrialization. Closely linked to America's high technology enterprises with colleges and universities, colleges and universities the original basis of innovation, through the further business innovation of enterprises, research and development of new products new services, to foster new industry new formats, effectively promote the commercialization of scientific research achievements, implements the tightness combination of science and technology and economy, innovation and business, to ensure that innovative activities create new value in every link, forming a virtuous cycle, can be sustained.
Sound innovation capital system is the core element to ensure the vitality and efficiency of American innovation ecosystem.
The innovative capital system of the United States is diverse and has its own functions and advantages. For example, the rapid growth of the information industry in silicon valley and the emergence of world-class IT enterprises are mainly due to the market-oriented venture capital system. Boston's new industries, such as biomedicine, thrive on an innovative capital system that combines government and social capital.
The United States has a strong private capital, which plays an extremely important role in scientific and technological research and development funding and start-up enterprise cultivation. It provides a variety of investment varieties, which can effectively meet the capital needs of investors and enterprises at different stages of development and realize the organic integration of capital and innovation.
In the U.S. innovation ecosystem, public and private research institutions, businesses, venture capitalists, and professional support services work closely together to form a unique value chain based on economic interests. Universities, research institutes and innovative enterprises are the "starters" of innovation activities, while venture capital is the "receivers". Venture capital in the us reached $60bn in 2015, with 47 per cent going to silicon valley. Tesla, facebook, Google and other famous enterprises were favored by venture capitalists at the initial stage of development, and developed into international large companies through multiple rounds of financing. The involvement of venture funds and investment funds has greatly promoted the transfer of innovative technologies and the transformation of technological achievements.
Investors actively participate in the whole process from scientific and technological innovation to commercialization and industrialization, which can not only promote the innovation activities to produce results as soon as possible, entrepreneurial enterprises can grow rapidly, but also can significantly shorten the cycle of venture investment recovery. Large enterprises such as cisco and tesla constantly acquire start-ups with good development prospects, or invest in new enterprises to carry out special technology or product research and development and tackle key problems, which on the one hand increases the source of cutting-edge technology, and on the other hand expands the source of management and technical talents.
At present, high-end talents have become the decisive force in the international competition for innovation and comprehensive national strength. An important factor for silicon valley to take the lead in innovation and development is the attraction and concentration of the world's top innovative talents, which is mainly due to its effective talent incentive policies, including high income, wide development space, many growth opportunities and good innovation atmosphere. What we've seen in silicon valley is that the fundamental driver of scientists and engineers working around the clock is still a higher economic income, and that top talent, in addition to higher wages, can continue to earn through technology investments and equity incentives.
In addition, silicon valley has established a mechanism to encourage the rational flow of innovative talents, which not only supports the flow of innovative talents between different enterprises, but also encourages employees to leave the enterprises and start their own businesses. The rational flow of innovative talents not only enhances the value of talents themselves, but also makes full use of talents and effectively allocates human resources. Silicon valley has a culture of innovation that tolerates failure. Companies in silicon valley are open to new employees, new ideas and new opportunities. It is generally believed by enterprises that most entrepreneurs will encounter failure in their first venture and take failure experience as a positive influence factor for venture capital evaluation. Silicon valley has formed the concept of open talent, which aims to attract talents from all over the world. Cisco estimates that nearly 80% of silicon valley's innovative talents come from other countries, among which India accounts for more than 40%, accounting for the highest proportion, and is driving the development of Indian IT industry.
Perfect laws and regulations directly escort the innovation activities of the United States. For example, the United States attaches great importance to the legal protection of the platform economy and grants it with statutory priority immunity. For example, the United States code clearly stipulates that "websites assume no responsibility for third-party content", which creates a good legal environment for the development of the platform economy in the United States and becomes a key factor for its leading platform economy in the world. The platform rapid economic expansion in the United States, has emerged a number of such as search Google, facebook and twitter in the field of social, e-commerce platform for the amazon and other world-class enterprises, almost control related to areas of most markets around the world, has difficult to shake the economic and technical status, as a new mode of economic development to the United States.
In recent years, the innovation development model of the United States has shown a trend of diversification and diversity, with a variety of new models such as incubation of large enterprises and cultivation of innovation centers emerging, further promoting the transformation of innovation achievements.
Cisco systems according to the technical features and development trend of enterprise development, and formulated the fully digital transformation strategy, introduced a large hatch innovation mode, establish enterprise internal mechanism, support staff set up subsidiary companies like small entrepreneurial teams, cisco as investors help subsidiary development, if the startup team failure, cisco loss only limited investment funds and resources; If the venture is successful, cisco has a priority to acquire affiliates and their technology, making it an in-house r&d team. This mechanism has stimulated the creativity and enthusiasm of cisco employees and further enhanced the technology r&d ability. In recent years, cisco employees' success rate of starting a business outside the company has reached over 70%, far higher than the social average level.
The Cambridge innovation center is located in a start-up park near the campus of the Massachusetts institute of technology. The Cambridge innovation centre, home to more than 800 companies, attracts $2 billion a year in venture capital, the equivalent of venture capital in the whole of Britain. Cambridge innovation center includes individuals, startups, large enterprises and multinational enterprises, as well as workshops, venture capital companies and foreign consulates. The practice of Cambridge innovation center, first, formed the mechanism of individual innovation entrepreneurs' collaborative innovation in the era of big science and big technology, which effectively promoted individual innovation and collaborative innovation. Second, it deepens the new way for universities to lead the development of industry, and deepens the combination of scientific research results and industrial applications. Third, a new mode of high-input innovation and low-cost social application was established, which effectively promoted the transformation of innovation achievements.
The American division of labor system is developed, and the specialization ensures the high efficiency of research and development and related activities, as well as the high level of research and development achievements. Like apple, cisco has the core technology, innovation, service mode of innovative enterprise specialize in advanced technology and product research and development, similar to jabil, foxconn, large scale, strong manufacturing capability of outsourcing companies mainly engaged in products processing production, small and medium-sized enterprises, mainly to provide parts and service outsourcing enterprises, other productive services such as logistics is borne by all kinds of professional companies, has formed a complete and efficient, division of labor refinement, mutually beneficial and win-win industrial chain and value chain. From the perspective of the relationship between innovation-oriented enterprises and outsourcing enterprises, innovation-oriented enterprises are located at the high end of the industrial chain and value chain, and lead the development of the entire industry through technology research and development and outsourcing. Outsourcing companies are relatively low-end links, but its processing and manufacturing technology level is not low, low comprehensive cost of outsourcing enterprises in the global selection of the region set up factories, production of high quality low price products, can also provide service for innovative start-up companies, to help convert ideas, design to specific products, convenient for its financing, open up the market. In terms of the relationship between small companies and large companies, there is both competition and cooperation. Start-ups and small companies have flexible mechanisms, high innovation efficiency and constantly launch valuable research and development achievements. Large companies cooperate with small companies through capital investment, mergers and acquisitions, training of talents and other ways to help small companies grow and grow.
University is the core element of the innovative division of labor system. Silicon valley surrounding area with Stanford university, the university of California, Berkeley, university of California, Santa cruz, nearly 20 famous universities, such as Boston regions littered with Harvard University, Massachusetts institute of technology, such as a world-class university, they provide a large number of high-quality talent and a high level of scientific and technological achievements, became the regional innovation system forming and development of the key factors.
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