浅谈英国的新城运动-英国硕士论文代写－r51due

英国essay论文精选范文：“浅谈英国的新城运动”，这篇论文讨论了英国的新城运动。严格来说，英国的新城运动应始于1898年霍华德在他的作品里表述的“田园思想”。他认为，新城建设应是世纪之交摆脱英国拥挤不堪城市生活的最佳途径。英国的第三代卫星城属于第一代新城，伦敦外围建了八个卫星城。它规模较小，功能分区严格，居住按邻里单位建设，强调独立自足，对地区不平衡，经济开发问题的考虑也比较欠缺。

The English New Town movement should begin in 1898 by Howard's "pastoral thought" in his work Tomorrow: The Path to Real Reform. Mr. Howard believes that the new city construction should be at the turn of the century to get rid of the British crowded city life the best way. The town is a fully social and functional structure that provides enough jobs for the inhabitants of the city; there is enough space for the city to provide sunshine, air and graceful life; the town is surrounded by greenery, and not only Can provide for the urban population of agricultural products, but also provide them with leisure and entertainment venues. Many of these small towns are separated from each other, but at the same time they are interconnected by quick and easy traffic, creating a "social city" that meets the needs of hundreds of thousands of people. In order to achieve his expectations, Howard began in 1902, 30 miles from London, Letchworth to build its first garden city, in 1920 and Welwyn began to build a second garden city. The success of the construction of two garden cities, from the practical point of view proved the feasibility of its vision.

Prime Minister Winston Churchill established the Department of Urban and State Planning to take responsibility for post-war reconstruction. In the late World War II, Prime Minister Winston Churchill directed Lord Reith to begin post-war reconstruction in order to restore the normal working and living order that had been devastated by the war. Lord Reith organized a group of experts to study the very difficult issues of war reparations, post-war reconstruction, and land use in rural areas. At the same time, examples of Howard Garden City, urban development in the 1930s, limited scale experience before the war years, problems after the end of the war were included in the panel's discussion. In 1943, a new town planning agency, the Towns and the State Planning Department, established to accommodate the post-war situation, was established and Lord Reith was appointed the first minister. A year later, a bill aimed at rebuilding war-affected areas and carrying out overall planning of urban construction was also approved by the government, and reconstruction could begin on a large scale only once the war was over.

With the end of the war on the continent, the new Prime Minister Clement Atley appointed LewisSilkin served as Minister of urban and national planning. With the tens of thousands of military service personnel continue to return home, a serious shortage of housing contradictions immediately appeared, so the construction of the new city has become all the work must be given priority. A committee of officials and experts worked out the basic principles of the new town plan and proposed various possible construction methods. New Town and National Planning Minister Lewis Silkin re-uses Lord Reith as the chairman of the advisory board and provides guidance on how to build a new town. Under the guidance of Lord Reith, the Commission drafted a very detailed plan to provide to the government designated development company responsible for the construction of new town. These government-designated development companies are highly selective companies with proven experience in large-scale integrated development projects. Government attaches great importance to the construction of new towns, in addition to the new city construction identified as a priority development of strategic projects, also in 1946 passed the Metro Act, which is the new Parliament passed the earliest urban construction regulations.

How to attract workers and factories is the key to success in building a new city to solve the problem of over-concentration of population and industry in London and other cities. People do not want to relocate when they do not work; industrialists will hesitate: building a new factory 30 miles from the capital needs more confidence than courage. But with the announcement of large-scale development plans, road construction, and some very strong and promising enterprises and factories continue to build, so that they began to increase confidence. Some sites in the narrow center of London, often lack of space and labor to worry about the factory to seize the opportunity to expand in the outskirts of a broader area of their own strength; those emerging rapidly developing post-war industries, suburban areas for cheap land and government Investments to attract industry are welcome. "Tricky streams converge into the river", just a few years later, no longer on the Metro's future was skeptical, and Metro construction has entered a period of rapid development.

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Since the lack of adequate government attention, the relevant departments have not actively cooperate with the British New Town Construction from 1898, Mr. Howard in his "idyllic" put forward the idea of new town construction to the Second World War broke out nearly 40 years before the time basically It is only in a stage of talking. Planning problems in London and other major British cities, housing problems, demographic and industrial over-concentration problems have not been substantially addressed.

And when the government strong intervention in the new city construction, the progress of the project will be very smooth. At the end of World War II, Prime Minister Winston Churchill was responsible for the planning and reconstruction of post-war London and other major cities and instituting specialized agencies - the Towns and National Planning Department - for urban planning and construction. Prime Minister Clement during the new city construction will be established as a priority development projects. It is because of the strong support of the Government, Metro was able to large-scale campaign. Only in 1946 to 1950 there are 14 new towns have started construction. Harold Macmillian, who served as minister of town and state planning in 1951, supported not only the new town project that was under construction, but also in 1955 to relieve the housing shortage in Glasgow and decided to build a new town in Cumbernauld.

From 1961 to 1964, a new round of large-scale construction of new towns began. Skelmersdale Telford Runcorn and other places in the new city construction projects continue to start the construction of the British urbanization has embarked on a standardized development path, around the city continue to emerge. 70 years later, the British urbanization has entered a period of rapid development. In London, about 100% of the factory moved to about 70% of the satellite city, around the other big cities have been emerging new town. Urban and rural traffic construction has also been a strong development, so that the level of urbanization greatly improved. According to the latest demographic and environmental statistics, the level of urbanization in the United Kingdom has taken over 90%, is the world's highest level of urbanization, one of the countries.

The planning and construction of any new town, the most important decision is the selection of the city. Because it involves not only the planning of the entire city, but also involves some very specific issues. Because any new town planning and construction are bound to some places, some specific range of people have a very big impact. In the United Kingdom, if you want the city to meet a variety of design functions, then in the end the city built in what place, and build the size of what can make this important decision can only be the British government. Because it will often face a lot of pressure, and sometimes even very strong opposition. Because it entrusted with the hope of urban construction success, construction costs, to attract industry and population capacity. In general, the more suitable a place for large-scale development or the more attractive, then to a new city planning and construction in this place will lead to greater opposition. Because some people will say that this place has been so good, can no longer be destroyed; local residents do not want to be disturbed or change their existing way of life. Many sites in the United Kingdom site are encountered in the fierce struggle, and even some cities come out after the design because of too much resistance encountered, and finally had to select the poor conditions. Therefore, for the construction of a new city, the site selection and planning can only be by the government according to the needs of the country, using a strong state machine to complete.

Correctly handle the relationship between government departments and the development of the company. The government function department is to guide and manage the urban construction on behalf of the state, and the specific design and construction work can only be carried out by the development company. Everyone knows very well that the success of any business depends to a great extent on the people who manage the business. This is especially true for a city, so it's important to have a first-class development company.

In the United Kingdom, the development and planning of new towns is determined by the government's rigorous selection process. Most of the funds for development and construction are also provided by the government. Therefore, the progress of the project and the quality of the projects are borne by the Government. With a great responsibility. But the government cannot therefore too much control on the development company, which will affect the relationship between government functions and development companies, which also tied the development of the company's enthusiasm and creativity play.

After selecting the site and designated development company, the government's main role is to provide the necessary funds for the development of the company. In the UK, the Government's funding for development companies responsible for urban development and construction is divided into three main components: direct government investment; loans to development companies; and private investors for new cities. In general, the number of government direct investments and loans to development companies is generally determined by the size of the government's financial resources and the scale of urban construction.

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