The Industrial Revolution in Britain-英国硕士论文代写－r51due

英国essay论文精选范文：“The Industrial Revolution in Britain”，这篇论文讨论了英国的工业革命。英国是工业革命最早的国家，第一个全球金融资本的中心，它的发展与崛起令人叹为观止，是第一个真正意义上的世界超级大国。英国工业革命始于18世纪60年代，从棉纺织业的技术革新开始，然后到瓦特蒸汽机的广泛应用，基本实现了机器制造业的机械化。

Britain is the first industrial revolution, is the first center of global financial capital, his development and rise of stunning, is the first true sense of the world's superpower, "Japan does not fall Empire" and "world factory" These two titles can be summed up as Britain's greatest achievement. Britain's land area of 244,100 square kilometers, is by the British Isles and the Irish island of northeast Ireland and around 5,500 small islands. The main mineral resources are coal, iron, oil and natural gas, and not very rich. What is it that transforms Britain from an island state into a European power that will eventually become the world's overlord?

Originated in Britain and then spread to the major countries of Europe and the United States the first industrial revolution, with epoch-making significance of the history of the evolution of human society had an unprecedented profound and tremendous impact. It laid a solid material foundation for the nascent capitalist system, and made the European and American countries successively industrialized and changed from agricultural country to industrial country. It provides a historical opportunity for the United Kingdom, the use of industrial first-mover advantage, established the "world factory" status. The industrial revolution has brought about progress and happiness to mankind, and has also confronted mankind with new contradictions and challenges.

And Marx once said: Capitalism in its less than 100 years of time to create the productivity is far more than the sum of the previous centuries.

Strictly speaking, the industrial revolution cannot be considered a real revolution, it does not overthrow any regime or class, but belongs to the social, scientific and technological aspects of rapid progress and development.

First of all, the political, 17th century British bourgeois revolution, the overthrow of the British feudal autocratic system, the establishment of the bourgeoisie and land aristocratic alliance based on the constitutional monarchy system, thus becoming the world's first established bourgeois political domination of the country. The bourgeoisie used the state power to accelerate the development of capitalist policies and measures to promote the rapid formation of various prerequisites for the industrial revolution; ideologically, Adam Smith in the "Wealth of Nations" put forward the most famous point is: invisible hand, That is, today's economists often talk about the market supply and demand. He believes that in a market economy, natural transactions between individuals to create an efficient model of resource allocation, and is conducive to promoting the market economy, to create a higher level of income.

According to this theory, Adam Smith proposed a far-reaching foreign trade strategy. Therefore, economically, with the establishment of the constitutional monarchy and the capitalist system, the British accelerated the enclosure movement, the colonial plunder and the slave trade, and brought huge monetary capital to Britain, thus accumulating the financial preparation for the industrial revolution . From the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century, the United Kingdom continued the enclosure movement for nearly three centuries, providing a large number of cheap labor for the industrial revolution. While overseas trade and colonial development, so that a large number of wealth concentrated in the hands of the British bourgeoisie.

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Natural science, classical mechanics, thermodynamics and other disciplines of theoretical innovation for the industrial revolution has brought opportunities. In 1687, Newton published his most famous book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", using mathematical methods to prove the law of universal gravitation and the three major laws of motion, these four laws are considered "the history of human wisdom, one of the greatest achievements." Newton 's discovery, brought to the human never had confidence, it declared the advent of the scientific age, making the human truly bid farewell to ignorance, ushered in the understanding of nature, the use of a new era of nature.

In the political, economic, ideological, scientific conditions are ripe, the far-reaching impact on the world industrial revolution, imminent.

As early as the fifteenth century, the English semi-agricultural half of the rural family handicraft industry is very common, mainly wool textile industry. This family of wool textile handicraft, and later with the differentiation of the rich and the poor, and changed. Many household handicraftsmen became wage-earners who process raw materials for merchants. As a result, the woolen cloth business people gradually separate the handicraft industry to link up, they form a wool textile industry manual factory. This handicraft workshop has scattered and concentrated in two forms.

In the sixteenth century, scattered handicraft workshops dominated. With the enclosure movement of landless peasants increasing, by the big businessmen founded by the centralized manual workshop will gradually developed, reached the employment of more than 1000 workers on the scale. By the seventeenth century, handicraft workshops employing hundreds of workers had become commonplace. These handicraft workshops are not limited to wool textile industry, mining, metallurgy, salt, paper, glass, nitrate, beer and other departments, have established a large hand workshop.

The development of the handicraft industry in England is not only manifested in the expansion of production scale, but also in the technical progress. British handicraft workshop in the production technology progress, and the European continent on a large number of craftsmen moved to the UK has a close relationship.

In 1733, mechanic John Kay invented the shuttle. Kay invented the shuttle, a weaving workers can do the work of the past two workers, so that the efficiency doubled. Later, Kay's son to be improved, invented the upper and lower automatic box, more convenient to use, weaving ability is more improved. As weaving efficiency, there has been a very serious shortage of yarn.

Due to insufficient supply of cotton yarn, spinning and weaving between the contradictions. This contradiction has not been resolved for a long time, and some cotton plants due to lack of yarn and stop production. Cotton yarn prices rose sharply, and then the wages of workers spinning also increased. This situation, for the pursuit of profits of the capitalists, cannot stand. In order to solve the problem of cotton yarn, the Government has taken various measures. In 1761, the British "Arts and Industry Award Association," the two reward, to seek the invention of new spinning machine.

In 1764, James Hargreaves of Lancashire invented the Jenny spinning machine. The invention of Jenny spinning machine is a huge leap in cotton textile technology, so that the rapid increase in the production of cotton yarn, causing a series of changes in the textile industry, and brought a huge social impact. Because the reduction of cotton yarn production costs, it will reduce the price of cloth, so that the demand for cloth increased, so we need more weaving workers.

Then people have invented a variety of textile production tools, production levels have gradually increased.

In 1769, Watt made the first steam engine. This year, Watt invented the separation of the condenser, to obtain his innovation in the New York door steam engine in the process of the first patent. In 1784, the improved steam engine not only applied to all kinds of mechanical movement, but also added a device to automatically adjust the steam engine speed. In 1785, a spinning mill with a Watt steam engine was built. Soon, the steam engine in the cotton textile industry, wool textile industry, mining industry, metallurgy, paper, printing, ceramics and other industrial sectors, has been widely used.

Watt steam engine come out to solve the power of industrial development issues. Since then, as long as there is coal as a fuel, you can start the steam engine. Moreover, the plant is also built on demand, and is no longer subject to river water constraints. Marx said: "Watt's great genius in April 1784 he obtained the patent specification, he did not own steam engine is said to be a special purpose invention, but it is said to be a large industrial general Application of the engine."

The invention of the steam engine to mechanization of production to break through the limitations of natural conditions, human society is a sign of the era of mechanization, thus greatly accelerating the process of industrial revolution. The extensive use of steam engines, the invention and use of the machine boom, to promote the industrial revolution. Britain built a large factory everywhere, those towering chimneys emitting smoke, a huge roaring plant, breaking the original medieval pastoral life of quiet. With this as a symbol, the history entered a new era, the human society thus entered the steam age.

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