Paper代写：Is gender determined biologically－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Is gender determined biologically，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了性别的问题。人类的性别，就是男性和女性两种。当一个婴儿来到这个世界，他们会对自己的性别有一个固定的认知，而父母也会按照他们的性别去培养他们。除此之外，公众舆论是性别认同的重要推动力，它提供了一种对性别的传统态度的取之不尽的源泉。

Introduction

The issue of gender can be traced back to primitive society where men and women were destined to breed children in order to make human beings as a race survive in dangerous and uncivilized wild environment. Even today, we are stereotyped to honor the responsibilities endowed by gender. Man is biologically tasked to have a relish for sports, harbour great interest in video games, marry a woman, raise their babies and shoulder the responsibility of supporting his family. On the other hand, woman is sexually determined to sleep with adorable dolls, wear a makeup, fall in love with a macho, give births to their offspring and handle pileup of housework. However, such norm has seemingly been tinged by the fact that waves of tomboys, gays, lesbians and transvestites have come along. This essay is to discuss whether gender is biologically determined by presenting two opinions that run poles apart.

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Gender is settled biologically

With a holistic, historical view, we can find that human society is etched with biological determinism in a belief that we act in certain ways owing to our physical make-up, even though these years has witnessed a notable number of cross dressers, gays or lesbians (Monro, 2005). It is safe to say that most people are born to do what their genders endow them with. Gender awareness is developed and consolidated through family background, childhood, education, career, interpersonal experience and social environment (Crown, 1980). All these factors need to be taken into consideration especially when we account for sexual disorder that once had barreled people for centuries.

Parent guidance

When a baby comes to the world, its folks——who have a fixed awareness about gender——are inclined to cultivate them in line with their biological genders. Parents tend to dress up and buy dolls for girls and give toy cars to boys as a way to shape and strengthen their children’ s gender consciousness. In this connection, gender is biologically determined for parents are deliberate to build up babies’ attitude, recognition and identities according to their sexes and whereby it is natural to see children, who have been impacted by such parenting and gender guidance, behave in the way entailed by their genders.

Social environment

In addition to that, public opinions come as a significant driver for sex identity, providing an inexhaustible source of conventional attitude toward gender. As we all know, nearly all conventional generations oppose to sex disorder, which is disdained as degenerating or unhealthy trends. At this point, even the word of homosexuality comes in our sight more frequently, it remains unnatural and represents a niche share of social psychology. From conventional perspective, a man needs to do what his gender dictates him to do, so does a woman. And public opinions and common sense play a paramount role in forming such idea and guiding human beings to do what conforms to gender.

Shoesmith (2015) mentioned that sex identity and gender identity differ as the former refers to physical characteristics of female and male while the latter refers to psychological features. If you regard gender is biologically determined, you may mix sex identity with gender identity. Even though biological gender has a great deal with or even determine psychological gender, it by no means has full rein on spiritual gender, as evidenced by homosexuality, cross dressers, tomboys, transvestites, bisexuality and many other “abnormal” phenomena that run apart from what we consider as traditional or regular.

Gender has less to do with biological characteristics than expected

If we cast aside conventional opinions and guidance from parents, which have been noted above, we may find gender has less to do than we expect with physical characteristics of male or female. Sex identification disorder——which is judged as inconsistency between sex identity and gender identity——comes as a negation on biological determinism.

Homosexuality

Since democracy and rule of law were established in the world, those with “abnormal” sexual orientation seemingly have been becoming more and more acceptable to the general public. If a gene or phenomenon could do harm to subsistence of human group, it would fade away as time elapses. Homosexuality, nevertheless, has lasted long. And this boils down to psychological development, which has little to do with biology.

Homosexuality stays as a fixed phase in one’ s life, during which a child at 3 to 5 is likely to prefer one of the parents with the same gender while show animosity to the other one. If this child goes through such period normally, he or she will usher in a heterosexual future; if not, he or she might embark on a track toward homosexuality (Friedman & Downey, 2002).

The emergence of gays and lesbians can be delved into in the angle of behaviorism. Reward and punishment serve as a forcible driver for the building of homosexual trend. In other words, if one has homosexual sex with another and even derives impressive joy from it, or if one has undergone a heartbroken heterosexual relationship that turns out to end up in tragic agony, he or she is highly likely to convert his or her sexual orientation (Crown, 1980). This is a good reason for rife homosexuality in jail and army and for sudden conversion of sexual orientation.

Transgender

As science and technology have been pushed to a new height, transsexual surgery has been applied in more and more countries and is capturing an increasing number of males or females who are struggling to hold a righteous view on gender. It is fair to say transforming gender can be seen as a symbol of gender identity disorder, which is rather different from homosexuality that is closely related to sex orientation or preference.

When a child at about 4 comes to be conscious about gender, he or she will embrace a new phase where gender awareness begins to germinate and flourish (Hines, 2007). Postnatal environment and acquired education exert an important impact on the formation of gender identity. For example, a single-parent family is more likely to cultivate manly girls or girlish boys for the reason that those children cannot absorb and assimilate the characteristics presented by both sides of their parents (Hines, 2007).

Apart from that, castration anxiety——which is bound up with Oedipus complex——plays an indispensable role in the settling of gender identity (Freud, 1900). A boy at certain age will simulate and learn from his father and assimilate his knowledge into his own mind, so will a girl. If such process of assimilation is distorted, disorder of gender identity might be generated in the child, in whom hatred to his or her gender will simmer. Some children with problematic assimilation are in danger of committing sexual crimes, becoming homosexual and transvestite or even taking transgender surgeries.

Conclusion

It is tempting to say that we need to take a two-faceted view on gender, which can be contemplated biologically and psychologically. We have to admit that for most people, psychological gender is consistent with biological sexuality. However, biological characteristics in no way fully determine gender identity, which is also related to family, social experience and environment for growth.

References

Crown, S. (1980). Psychosocial Aspects of Homosexuality. Journal of Medical Ethics, 6(3), 130-132.

Freud, S. (1900). The Interpretation of Dreams. Franz Deuticke: Leipzig.

Friedman, R., & Downey, J. (2002). Sexual Orientation and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Sexual Science and Clinical Practice. Columbia University Press: New York.

Hines, S. (2007). TransForming gender: Transgender practices of identity, intimacy and care. Policy Press at the University of Bristol: Bristol.

Monro, S. (2005). Gender Politics: Citizenship, Activism and Sexual Diversity. Pluto Books: London.

Shoesmith, G. (2015). Psychology: A New Complete GCSE Course, for AQA Specification 4180. Lutterworth Press: Cambridge.

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