Essay代写：Russian frontier ethnic policy in the 19th century－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Russian frontier ethnic policy in the 19th century，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了19世纪俄罗斯边疆的民族政策。19世纪的俄罗斯帝国，治下民族众多。而边疆民族问题的出现，无疑威胁着俄罗斯国家的稳定与安全，这些问题引起了俄罗斯社会的关注和帝国政府的担忧。帝俄政府认为，俄罗斯化政策是解决所有这些边疆民族问题的重要方式。帝俄政府的政策目的在于使非俄罗斯民族边疆地区在行政管理和社会文化方面与俄罗斯帝国融为一体，使俄罗斯帝国成为“统一而不可分割”的俄罗斯现代民族国家。

Frontier ethnic problems has important status in the national domestic policy, the history of the Russian empire in this experience is very rich, the Russian empire period in its present ethnic, religious and cultural characteristics of coexistence of diversity on the investigation to the Russian empire frontier ethnic problems can give us thinking reference for dealing with ethnic problems today.

The Russian empire of the 19th century, under the rule of many peoples. Colonial expansion not only expanded the boundaries of the Russian empire, but also brought the political, cultural, religious and traditional non-russian peoples under the rule of the Russian empire. At this point, the Russian empire gave special meaning to the idea of national unity. Krakow, in the 1860 s, famous Russian commentator carter report on Moscow gazette: "we want to remain completely hope, along with our country's political development, Russia will firmly establish the integrity of their own country, the unity of the deep and strong feeling, for the unification, the russians all lands of Russia to flow the last drop of blood." He believes that Russia must be a unified and powerful country. Since then, the establishment of a "unified and indivisible" Russia has been the main direction of the Russian empire's internal policy since the mid-19th century.

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The external expansion of the Russian empire not only cause the competition between overseas empire, also gave birth to the enemies of his nationalism, the expansion of the empire and nationalism are the contradiction between the Russian empire after the middle of the 19th century facing huge difficulties. , due to the impact of nationalist sentiment in the 19th century, almost all the nation's national movement rising Russian empire changed the empire, but also put forward new problems for the regime, the frontier ethnic problems, it including Poland, the Baltic sea, Muslim problems, etc.

Poland is a country with the old system of traditional nation, has its own elite nobleman, prosperity of culture and literary language, but all of this in between 1793 and 1793 were destroyed. As an elite aristocrat of the polish national consciousness, the polish national tradition has been restored as a dream. As a result, poles played a "vanguard" role in the national movement of the Russian empire.

The uprising of 1831 and 1863 shook the entire Russian empire, challenging not only the imperial government and Russian society, but also other non-russian peoples. It was the polish national uprising that woke up the imperial regime. It not only showed the disloyalty of some of the imperial residents, but also was a provocation to the stability and unity of the empire. Russian nationalists think russians and poles are always can't each other is the most thorough enemy, all the poles of rebellion should be severely punished, because they are "betrayal" of the people. The polish problem arose. The polish problem was not only a problem for Poland itself, but also a representative of all "xenophobic separatism".

Poland's example prompted the imperial government to focus on the development of other foreign nations. In the 19th century 70 s ~ 80 s, the Baltic sea region is starting to get the attention of Russian society, the privilege of the Baltic baron in the border region and the Germanic cultural dominance in the border region, make its influence in the Baltic sea area is becoming more and more weak, German unification and strengthened the trend. The political theorists of the empire began to criticize the special regimes of the Baltic sea, which threatened the unification of the empire. The essence of the Baltic problem lies in the constant germanisation of the Baltic sea, and the alienation of the Baltic sea from the Russian empire.

Put forward in the 1860 s most of the western frontier minority problems mainly involve empire residents, but in the end the separatist ghost appeared in eastern empire, the resulting Muslim problem. The question put forward by kazan missionaries, they was baptized on a large number of tatar turned to Islam deeply worried, Islam is not only affected by orthodox missionaries "anti-muslim" activity, but also the ability to spread to the Muslim nation. Missionaries believed that the influence of Islam to a Muslim nation is the one of the dominant position of the Russian culture, the threat of Muslim without assimilation is unreliable subjects, their threat to Russia's national unity and security, unique Muslim culture in itself is a threat to the existence of the Russian state, it is not only a religious issue but also a political problem.

In short, the emergence of ethnic issues in the border area threatens the stability and security of the Russian state, which has aroused the concern of Russian society and the concerns of the imperial government. By the end of the 19th century, there were Finnish problems, jewish problems, and Ukraine. For the imperial regime, the emergence of ethnic issues in border areas made the people who had this problem become extremely dangerous in the eyes of the government. Only by solving these problems can the "unity" and stability of the Russian empire be guaranteed. Only by solving these problems can the effectiveness of the "unified and indivisible" national strategy be guaranteed.

Russian empire in the face of frontier ethnic problems, faced with two choices, or allow the Russian nationality retain their identity, or assimilate them, if ethnic minorities were not expelled or assimilation, but maintain their own identity, once their national consciousness awakening, will become a serious threat to the empire. Therefore, of the Russian national politics, economy, culture, language and so on comprehensive integration and assimilation, cultivate peoples in the Russian national identity, is the imperial government to safeguard the unity of the empire and the stability of the inevitable choice.

Although different border areas will show different characteristics, the Russian government always believes that russification policy is an important way to solve all these ethnic issues. Since the 1860 s, tsarist Russia government policies began to deviate from the past to maintain the status quo, with the loyalty of the traditional patterns of the Russian nobility cooperation to administrative integration and the direction of Russia's change in language and culture. The key to the russification policy lies in the implementation of Russian administrative institutions, the promotion of Russian language culture and the implementation of the Russian education method. Tsarist Russia government policy goal is to make the Russian ethnic border areas in the administrative management and the social culture and the Russian empire together, make the Russian empire "unified and indivisible" Russian modern nation-state.

However, according to the population survey in 1897, there are more than 100 languages in the Russian empire, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and polytheism. Russian nationality as the main body of the national accounts for only 44% of the population, at that time, the Ukrainian accounts for 18% of the proportion of the population, 7% poles, belarus by 5%, and jewish 4%, Finland, Estonia and Latvia accounted for 5%, central Asia, Caucasus and the urals - volga region accounts for roughly 12% of the population of muslims. In the case of ukrainians and belarusians counted as "ethnic russians", the "Russian nation" constituted the majority of the population. It can be seen that the Russian empire at the end of the 19th century still showed the diversity of language, religion and nationality, and the Russian government did not successfully assimilate the majority of non-russian people.

Under the dual attack of the national movement and the revolutionary movement, the Russian empire went to collapse, and the goal of building a "unified and indivisible" Russian state was not realized. The reasons for the failure of the "unified and indivisible" Russian state are more complex, and the analysis of the causes of failure is difficult to cover all aspects, but at least the following factors need to be considered:

Before the collapse of the empire, the Russian empire had always followed the traditional imperial rule and hierarchy, while ethnic and religious factors played a minor role. Follow the principle of the feudal rank the assimilation to the Russian national appeal is not enough, because only become aristocratic privileges, to the end of the 19th century, most russians are due to poor economic, cultural level is low, made up of people with no political rights.

The social foundation of the Russian empire falls far behind the industrialized countries of Western Europe, and the empire lacks very important assimilation conditions. Such as universal obligation education, high industrialization, urbanization and democratization. Although the reforms of the 1960s and 1970s contributed to the modernisation of the Russian state to a certain extent, these reforms did not affect the areas inhabited by all non-russian residents. Coupled with the limitations of the reform itself, the process of assimilation has been greatly reduced.

The Russian government's russification policy encountered strong resistance from non-russian people in the implementation of certain non-russian ethnic groups. Imperial government believes that as long as with the help of a brutal crackdown means and measures to promote more forced assimilation, this opposition movement will be suppressed, but the results backfire, cruel punishment instead more aggravated contradictions conflict upgrade, so, national movement together with revolutionary movement to move the foundation of the empire.

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