Essay代写：Islamic terrorism in Russia－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Islamic terrorism in Russia，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了俄罗斯伊斯兰恐怖主义。俄罗斯伊斯兰恐怖主义的产生和发展有其特殊的社会和历史文化背景，是一系列因素相互影响的结果，其中包括西亚和中亚伊斯兰教的影响，国际恐怖主义势力的推波助澜和大国在俄罗斯周边地区的竞争，俄罗斯内部特殊的社会经济问题和民族关系问题以及宗教间紧张关系等等。因此俄罗斯的国际反恐斗争将是长期和复杂的。

Russia the emergence and development of islamic terrorism has its special social and historical and cultural background, is the result of a series of factors influence each other, including the influence of west Asia and central Asia Islam, international terrorist forces pushing and power competition surrounding areas in Russia, the Russian internal special social economy and national relationship problems and tensions between religion and so on. Therefore, the international fight against terrorism, including Russia and China, will be long and complicated. Reducing the ideological appeal of terrorism and eliminating its social roots can help to defeat international terrorist forces.

Although Islam itself is not necessarily associated with terrorism, religious fanaticism and extremism are an important reason for many islamic extremists to engage in terrorist activities. The term "islamic terrorism", on the one hand, makes the possible harms of radical Islam or fundamentalism come to light. On the other hand, it also provides an excuse for some non-islamic people or religions to equate Islam with terrorism, which is no less harmful than the threat of islamic extremism.

As for the relationship between Islam and terrorism, noted Russian expert on Muslim law Leonid hukieren: "it is not difficult to differentiate Islam from terrorism verbally, but in fact everything is much more complicated." Especially in an environment like Russia, where 18 million to 20 million muslims live, or about 12 percent of the population. The vast majority of Russian muslims are sunni and belong to Islam's most moderate sect, the hanifi. Hundreds of thousands of shias live in and to the south of the north Caucasus city of kirkuk. Generally speaking, the traditional feature of Russian muslims is tolerance of other religions.

In the 1990s, Russia began a rapid revival of Islam. Thousands of mosques have been opened and an islamic system is being established. A large number of missionaries from the Persian gulf and Middle East countries into Russia's Muslim region. The iron curtain was broken not only on Russia's western border, but also on its southern border. The flow of unfamiliar, even unheard-of, ideas, including radical ones, from the Muslim world abroad. Islamic radicalism, including wahhabi, is also seeping into Russia.

One aspect of the islamic revival is the growing politicisation of Muslim religion. Several islamist parties and movements have been formed, albeit to protect Muslim interests. But many of those parties and movements have gradually become more radical. After the collapse of the Soviet union, Russia's muslims increasingly feel they belong to the world's Muslim community, known as umma, which has gradually become one of the characteristics of Russia's islamic revival. A deeper sense of religious identity has led them to increasingly abandon the "little brother" complex that prevailed in the Soviet era, and this change is becoming a prerequisite for the growing political enthusiasm of Russian muslims, as well as for their growing desire to express their "special" concerns through religious appeals.

Russia's muslims abstain from any negative comments on Islam. Only 15 percent of international terrorist groups "can barely register with the Muslim world," said abdulwahid niyazov, the head of Russia's Eurasian party and the state duma representative, citing information that is said to be unknown to the general public. At the same time, there are terrorist groups around the world who justify their actions with Judaism, Hinduism and even buddhist teachings. The Muslim politician, like other muslims, feels wronged by the increasing frequency with which people associate terrorism with Islam. "Muslims are generally condemned for the actions of minorities, while the world remains indifferent to their suffering in places like Palestine, Kashmir and chechnya," time magazine declared.

In fact, other religions have been prone to extremism at different times and under different circumstances. The great Christian theologian and philosopher, saint augustine, for example, supported the use of violence. Christian reformers such as Martin Luther, mincer, zwingli and anti-religious reformers, catholics and protestants have been behind the violence. Islam is no exception.

Some of the actions of the ismaili in medieval shias could well be classified as terrorism, and they carried out many political murders, both against muslims and christians. In European historical documents, the fighters of the ismaili were known as the "asashenites" or "assassins". Today, they are associated with "shahid," who died "for a good cause." Russian scholars of islamic radicalism И, П, nazarbayev think more, central Asia and the Middle East fundamentalism terrorists is nikolay sazhin o think of yourself as a successor. Religious violence is an inherent phenomenon in the middle ages. It did solve some of the problems of religion itself at that time and often solved some secular political problems.

Describing the state of terrorism and the fight against terrorism in the aftermath of 9/11, yegor holmolov, the chief expert of the veterans of Russia's alpha counterterrorism unit, described terrorism as "an act of violence against the law whose purpose is to undermine the legal system." In his view, "the most important thing is that while terrorists carry out such violence, they also demand that societies and countries that suffer violence recognize the lawfulness of the actions of the rioters." This is the case in the Russian federation. They are based on the fact that any action they complete has been granted by god. Following this line of thought, they interpreted the concept of "jihad" as "little jihad" or "swordsmanship," which means taking direct military action against infidels and apostates in "war zones," where heretics who oppose the spread of Islam live. In Muslim theology, "jihad" means any effort that muslims make for Islam. The great jihad is the spiritual self-improvement of muslims and their creative activities for the benefit of the community. Working and learning, education kids, and many other activities come under the "gerhard" label. This view is Shared by the vast majority of Russian Muslim religious authorities, who have reacted furiously to what many Russian politicians and the mass media almost exclusively describe as "war on infidels". The islamic world is divided into "dar al-habai" and "dar al-ahed". And salafism, the champion of "pure Islam"

It argues that there is no "signing zone" between muslims and their rivals, so devout muslims are in constant confrontation with each other. And true muslims have rights and obligations, to eliminate direct enemy, persecution of Islam ", and phil ", not only to eliminate rebelled against the cause of islamic authorities, and to eliminate the life in the authority under the rule of the residents, in other words, the ordinary citizen, of all their SINS is to support the system of the "wrong", although is passive support, but after all, is to support. This would justify the mass extermination of peaceful inhabitants, the killing of hostages, etc. According to this logic, all matters related to the anti-islamic system can be the target of terrorist activities.

In the case of chechnya, "anti - law violence" was very obvious. The chechen terrorists, with their islamist ideology, must systematically undermine Russia's legal system if they are to legitimise it, at least in the eyes of their own supporters. In the eyes of the wahhabi or those who merely assert their allegiance to the true islamic ideal, nothing that falls within the scope of islamic law can be explained by any other legal norm. In their view, islamic terrorists are not subject to the law. Interestingly, the "President" of the Russian republic of chechnya, aslan mashadov and his followers, tried everything to distance themselves from any terrorist sabotage and promised to find and punish terrorists. Al mashadov and his associates, unlike other islamic terrorists, wanted to resolve the chechen conflict within international law, and terrorism greatly impeded that purpose. It should be said that the jihad against Russia was a religious war, in which mujahideen used the most brutal means against their enemies. Any jihad -- chechnya's is no exception -- is not a war of liberation alone, and is less a war of liberation than a struggle to save Islam, a struggle for its consolidation and expansion in the region. The struggle is to turn "" dar al-habai" "into" "dar al-islam." " Moreover, all of Russia's remaining territory has been declared "dar al-khalibai," and combat operations may and need to be directed across Russia. It is clear that in such circumstances jihadism could easily be terrorist in nature. Evidence of this is the massive fight against apostasy. In 2001, for example, the republic of chechnya highest sharia court decided that the ahmed kadyrov and his followers "fired" Islam, which actually doomed they shall be destroyed, because the number and the word of god to the: "if you someone from your religion and die, as they did in the recent and future are all in vain! These are the inhabitants of the prison of fire, and they shall dwell in it for ever. Allah also reiterated that "if the rebel does not return to the arms of Islam, kill him". "Kadyrov ahmed and the above are cooperating with the Russian occupation authorities - they are rebels. All of them should repent of their SINS or be put to death. To instruct the regional Muslim governors and judges to carry out the decisions of the sharia courts.. ". The decision started the campaign to "kill" chechens who had cooperated with the central government of the Russian federation, not only in chechnya itself but outside its borders - laws of sharia law are cross-border in effect. Dozens of people were killed in terror attacks against local people's representatives, officials and clerics close to Mr Kadyrov. The President of the Russian republic of chechnya, kadyrov himself was assassinated on 9 May 2004.

Another aspect of religious terrorism is the hostage-taking, for which wahhabi authorities have issued a corresponding religious decree, known as "feitwa". Several of these "fethas" were handed out by the chief wahhabi religious leader, one of the founders of the all-soviet islamic revival party, and bhakkin Mohammed, an emigre from dagestan to chechnya. Intriguingly, in their decision to kidnap hostages, wahhabi theologians, or at least those among them who think they know islamic theology, cite the experience of the prophet muhammad, who also held his enemies hostage for ransom. Invoking the precedent of the seventh century to justify crimes in the 20th and 21st centuries may seem implausible. Yet this argument also created the illusion among followers of the salafists that the action was legitimate. It promotes the tendency of hostage-taking to become a commercial activity. Reliable sources say more than a thousand people have been held hostage in chechnya since before the start of the second war. More than 60 criminal gangs have been involved in kidnappings, with a total of 3,000 illegal militants, and 15,000 chechens have been involved in some form of such crime.

On the question of the harm and impact of terrorism on Russia, although it is difficult to make a specific quantitative statement. However, if you look at the situation in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet union, terrorism has become a factor that often plays a role in Russian reality. For Russia's south, terror has become something of a nightmare routine. It is becoming routine for millions of Russian citizens. Russians are accustomed to reports of dead people, and for them reporting from the site of the explosion sometimes evokes the kind of intense emotion that a detective novel's plot evokes. People's familiarity with terrorist activities has led to a growing sense of social coldness and confusion between good and evil. Regrettably, a large part of the social and political causes of social tension still exist within Russia, and the conflict in chechnya continues and sometimes intensifies. Relations between ethnic groups and religions in several regions remain mixed, and have often led to a sharp political situation in recent years. In the years since the war in chechnya, a generation of young men in the north Caucasus have been forming, far more accustomed to holding automatic rifles than to carrying construction mud-knives. These are the best people to recruit terrorists. They have crossed the psychological threshold of danger and are willing to carry out any cruel action. Despite the ban, some international islamist groups with links to local radicals continue to operate in Russia. The September 11 attacks, while inspiring the determination of the international community to fight terrorism, also led some fanatics to believe that they were capable of striking the most powerful countries. So the echo of 9/11 will reverberate across Russia's borders.

There is no doubt that international terrorism is the greatest threat to world peace and stability, and islamic terrorist organizations are the largest and most threatening political group. Since the end of the cold war, Russia has been one of the early countries in the armed struggle against terrorism and one of the early countries in the anti-terrorist legislation. Russia has formed a series of political and legal measures in the fight against terrorism and has made significant achievements in the fight against terrorism. Its struggle against terrorism has become an important part of the international struggle against terrorism. The strategy and tactics of Russia's fight against terrorism and the effectiveness of its fight against terrorism are worth our reference and reflection. The entire international community, including China and Russia, should give up narrow national and geopolitical interests, adhere to unity and cooperation, and fight a lasting just war and people's war with the forces of international terrorism. To this end, the ideological appeal of terrorism needs to be further weakened and its social roots removed.

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