Essay代写：The development of the British civil service－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The development of the British civil service，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国文官制度的发展。从英国文官体制的建立至二十世纪初，英国的文官体制改革持续很多次。1890年，由于行政日常事务增多，政府又将第一等级和第二等级进行重新划分。后来麦克唐纳委员会对于文官体制问题进行考察、调研，并提议一系列的建议。一战结束后，英国文官制度又进行了变革，所有文官的最高文职授予财政部常任秘书。

In terms of the world, the first country to establish a civil service system was Britain. Before the reform of civil service system is given priority to with "gift patronage system", that is all the positions are appointed by the king, and the king, using many privileges on the buying and selling office kept expanding his powers, have also led to sell ranks and titles, corruption, bloated, civilian quality is poor, low working efficiency of a series of phenomena. The bill of rights, agreed in 1689, largely restricted the power of the king and gradually replaced parliament as the country's political center. At the same time, the new bourgeoisie, in order to protect their vested interests, passed a bill in 1964, which stipulated that tax clerks were not allowed to serve as members of the house of Commons. At the beginning of the 19th century, the two-party system of government was gradually consolidated. The ruling party was the composition of the winning party, so the winning party would share the spoils openly after it came to power. This leads to the reconstruction of the civil service team and the chaos of the administrative system. To counter such instability, the first permanent secretary was installed at the Treasury in 1805, not associated with a change in the ruling party. After that, each department set up a permanent office for this department, which laid the foundation for the permanent civil service system.

The industrial revolution marked by the invention of steam engine began in Britain in the mid-18th century and was basically completed in the mid-19th century. It made the British economy develop rapidly and created the industrial bourgeoisie. From the utilitarian principle of the industrial bourgeoisie, the request was made to create a clean and efficient authority, save money, and put more capital into the economy. At the same time, relying on their strong economic strength, the industrial bourgeoisie worked hard to promote the reform of the British administrative system. In 1832 and 1867 respectively, the industrial bourgeoisie reformed the parliament. The results of the reform made the industrial bourgeoisie occupy an important position in the parliament.

Exam Ren Yongzhi origins in the east India company, the same year the British parliament sent up waiting on the company's administrative system of the research, and put forward the makah to report, in the second year, the Treasury two officials, Scott and QuWeiLian, research on the present situation of the civil service team, develop the noble Scott - QuWeiLian report, the report reveals that the public system's ills, a set of Suggestions on the reform of civil service system.

In 1855, palmerston issued the privy council order on the recruitment of civil servants in the royal government, establishing a civil service system committee to undertake the examination and assessment. The second civil service reform act issued by Gladstone in June 1870 is a symbol of the establishment of the modern British civil service system. This change in the British civil service system has great significance for the social progress of Britain and other countries in the world. It has greatly improved the efficiency of government work and promoted the progress of material civilization. And development is the basic characteristic of western civil service system.

From the establishment of the British civil service system to the early 20th century, the reform of the British civil service system lasted for many times. In 1890, due to the increase of daily administrative affairs, the government reclassified the first and second levels. MacDonald commission in 1914, the civil service system of the investigation, research, and proposed a series of recommendations. After the end of the first world war, the British civil service system was changed again, and the highest civil service was given to the permanent secretary of the Treasury. The British government took over the civil service of the foreign office in 1943.

After the World War II, Britain became a second-class country with a rapidly declining international status. At the same time, during the World War II, the British civil service swelled and people were very angry at the phenomenon that government officials only paid attention to generalists and ignored professional skills. In order to improve the overall quality of the civil service and quickly strengthen the efficiency of the government, the government has decided to make necessary reforms to the permanent civil service system. Fulton investigated the British civil service system in 1966. In 1968, Fulton report put forward relevant opinions: the establishment of civil personnel department and the change of the management and leadership mode of civil servants; to strengthen the training of civil service skills and establish civil service colleges; Implement consistent hierarchy framework and reorganize the civil service team.

Thatcher reformed the current civil service system in 1979, aiming at decentralization of power, improvement of work efficiency, and provision of high-quality services to taxpayers. The specific measures include: the number of civil servants was continuously reduced, and the civil servants accounted for 2.7% of the British labor force in 2002. Reorganizing senior officials to manage civilian officials independently and breaking the structure of civilian officials again. Retain professional and technical personnel from the layoff process, break the generalist model. Introduce the competition mechanism into the social service, change the overall quality of the civil service team, and determine the standardized performance evaluation in the social management. As the establishment of the civil service swelled the ranks of civil servants and protected their privileges, it was abolished. In July 1994, major's administration issued the white paper "continuity and reform of the British civil service system", inheriting thatcher's ideas of reform and proposing a series of countermeasures: reducing senior management; Recruit college students to the civil service team after examination; To form management organizations, including senior officials and chief executives; Develop a variety of senior management salary system. Blair put forward a number of guidelines and stated the purpose of the civil service system in 2004.

The civil service system in Britain has developed gradually through the government's vigorous advocacy and its own gradual reform, and has evolved into many features: one is the "permanent occupation system" of the civil service profession. That is to say, according to the law, civil servants can be engaged in civil service permanently as long as they are employed by the government without major mistakes. Second, the "neutrality" of the civil service system. That is to say, civil servants maintain a neutral attitude in politics and are not affected by any ruling party. Third, the legalization of the civil service profession. The state USES legal forms to stipulate that civil servants should perform their official duties in accordance with the law, and that malfeasance and corruption should be punished accordingly. In short, the reform of the British civil service system has achieved great results. The British civil service culture has been greatly developed, and the working efficiency of the government has been further improved. While absorbing fine traditions, the British government has also tried to practice new management ideas.

The United States and Canada in 1885 and 1882 created a permanent civil service under the influence of the United Kingdom as the first. After World War II, France and Germany followed Britain's example and established the modern civil service system. Italy also established the modern civil service system. At present, most countries have established the modern civil service system. However, each country establishes civil service system in accordance with its own actual development situation, so it is different from Britain in many aspects. For example, in the selection of the quality of civil servants, due to the British traditional culture, more attention is paid to the selection of versatile, and the United States is the selection of civil servants with more professional knowledge and technology of talent. In terms of job classification, the United Kingdom implements the establishment of jobs according to people, emphasizing the "grade classification" of rank and rank. America, on the other hand, focuses on "job classification". At the same time, the modern British civil service system has great reference value for the evaluation and selection of Chinese civil servants. In general, although there are many differences in the modern civil service systems in many countries in the world, there are many similarities in their basic contents.

Especially after the end of World War II, with the rapid development of science and technology and the emergence of advanced technologies in the world, the government has significantly increased its intervention in all aspects of social life. Therefore, professional and technical personnel are urgently needed in the management of the government. The number of civil service professionals in the United States federal government gradually increased. During Roosevelt's tenure, one-third of the secretaries had bachelor's degrees. Nine-tenths of Japan's civil service are highly educated. At the same time, France also pays special attention to professional knowledge and talent, and establishes the "national school of administration" to strengthen the professional training of civil servants. It can be seen that the demand of modern civil service system for professional knowledge talents has developed into an irreversible tide.

The adoption of legal means has become the basis for the establishment of civil service systems in many countries around the world. The powers, tasks and other matters to be exercised by civil servants are strictly delineated in many decrees. A civil servant who has not committed a material fault will not be removed from office. On the contrary, once the civil servant ACTS beyond the scope of the decree or violates the law, he will be subject to judicial sanctions. In short, more legal restrictions can make the civil service system more perfect.

Britain's political system reform is developed through its own practical experience, without any theoretical reference. Although it has many defects and imperfection, the originality and extensibility of its own development characteristics have shown us its unique charm and value, which are worth learning from and studying.

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