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本篇paper代写- British diplomacy towards China讨论了英国对中国的外交。英国外交素来讲究现实主义，表现为审时度势，努力使自己不处于过分被动、尴尬的境地。由于战后自身力量衰退、对美国依赖加深，英国在许多国际事务上支持和追随美国的立场，对新中国的政策总体上同美国一致，即力图防止中国在亚非地区特别是东南亚地区影响的扩大。另一方面，在中国问题上英国又没有完全按美国意志行事，并不顾美国的反对承认了新中国。英国这一理性的外交举动给中国政府和人民留下了务实与友好的印象，为日后两国关系的发展打下了较好的基础。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

British diplomacy always pays attention to "realism", which is reflected in taking the situation into consideration and trying not to be in an excessively passive and embarrassing situation. This is an incisive summary of the essence and characteristics of British diplomacy by Mr. Chen leimin.

As an established capitalist power and colonial power, Britain has accumulated rich international political experience in hundreds of years of international exchanges and struggles, and forged profound diplomatic tradition and superb diplomatic skills. These intangible diplomatic assets are helpful for Britain to retain certain influence in international affairs. Although the national strength declined sharply after the World War II and the diplomatic space was greatly reduced, the general trend of British diplomacy was to strive for as much initiative as possible in passivity and never give up any opportunity to show initiative. The policy and strategy of "three-ring diplomacy" established in the early postwar period is a strategic choice based on reality, aiming to take as many initiatives as possible in diplomacy, so as to help maintain and restore Britain's great power status. From the perspective of the implementation effect, the strategy was also relatively successful on the whole, which protected the interests and dignity of Britain to the maximum extent in the post-war international politics. In a word, British diplomacy is based on reality, pragmatic and pursues interests.

After the war, Britain's diplomacy toward China was characteristic and pragmatic in addition to its maneuver among the "three rings" and the Soviet union. This can be seen through several large historical nodes. The early founding of the People's Republic of China, Britain's policy of new China has two sides: on the one hand, because of its own postwar recession, the United States relies on deepening, the UK in many international affairs support and follow the position of the United States, the new China policy in general agreement with the United States, which tries to prevent the expansion of China's influence in Africa and Asia, especially in southeast Asia, and actively cooperate with the American plots to thwart Taiwan's return to the motherland, to the far east, status quo and keep the purpose of Hong Kong. On the other hand, on the issue of China, Britain did not act in accordance with the will of the United States and recognized the new China in January 1950 despite the opposition of the United States. There are three main reasons: Britain invested more in old China than any other country, and it wants to keep its investment in China by recognizing the new China. Britain is worried that the excessive deterioration of Sino-British relations will lead to China's military recovery of Hong Kong, so it hopes to establish a dialogue mechanism with the new Chinese government as soon as possible. Britain wants to expand its presence in China at a time when the United States is helping Chiang kai-shek fight communism and Japan is being pushed out of the country by its defeat in the invasion of China. The recognition of the new China reflects the "realism" of British diplomacy. British leaders are keenly aware that the new China is a rising power, and it will be difficult for them to avoid dealing with the communist party of China if they want to safeguard their rights and interests in China. Ought to say, in the severe opposition between ideology and the situation of the cold war tensions between east and west, the first to admit that China is in the western powers will take political courage, is also because of this, the British a rational diplomatic move to the Chinese government and people a pragmatic and friendly impression, for the development of bilateral relations in the future laid a good foundation.

In the late 1970s, China implemented the reform and opening-up policy, which laid a solid foundation for China's economic growth and opened up broader space for the development of its foreign relations. Britain is salivating over the huge potential of the Chinese market and wants to reopen the one it was forced out of after the World War II. However, the problem of Hong Kong between the two countries has formed a constraint on the relationship between the two sides. Britain once set various obstacles for the solution of the problem of Hong Kong in an attempt to obstruct the return of Hong Kong. However, in the end, the situation is better than the people. Faced with the fact that the power structure of the two sides has changed and China has not wavered in its principled position, pragmatism has once again prevailed in the British diplomacy with China. Blair's government, which took office in 1997, adopted a strategy of taking the return of Hong Kong as an opportunity to improve china-uk relations and strengthen bilateral cooperation. The final settlement of the Hong Kong question has freed China and the UK from the burden of history and put bilateral relations on the fast track of all-round development. Within six months, the two countries have exchanged visits between senior leaders, which is unprecedented in the history of china-uk relations. More importantly, through high-level visits, the two sides have deepened mutual understanding, enhanced mutual trust and pushed bilateral relations towards a more stable and pragmatic direction.

In the 21st century, driven by the trend of economic globalization, China's economy has maintained rapid growth and its comprehensive national strength and international status have been greatly enhanced. Some foreign analysts have pointed out that China's increasingly powerful economic influence has gone beyond the regional level and is transforming into an international political advantage, which may even completely change the international strategic pattern after the cold war. Although this view is somewhat exaggerated, it is not necessary to deny the impact of China's development on the existing international situation. What is important is to make a reasonable and correct judgment of China's way and goal of achieving development. Should definitely pointed out that after the reform and opening up of China is the "builders" rather than "reformers" attitude to participate in international affairs, its development is peaceful, the purpose is to promote the international system towards more justice, democracy and the direction of balanced development, thus helping to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity. China's path of peaceful development is fundamentally determined by the nature of its socialist country and conforms to the trend of The Times of world peace and development.

China's desire and policy for peaceful development are clear and sincere, and have been recognized and appreciated by more and more countries in the world. Due to political and ideological prejudice, some western countries have doubts about China's development, advocate and spread the "China threat theory", and even interfere and restrict China's economic, political and cultural development. Nevertheless, in a world full of more wisdom and rationality, even the western society is not monolithic, and practical British people realize that China's development is an irresistible trend, which is both a challenge and an opportunity for Britain.

While in office, Blair stressed time and again that some people in the west see China's development as a threat, but he believes that China's development is both a challenge and an opportunity. For the development of China's "challenge", Britain's cognitive perspective is different from the United States and other countries, the latter tend to exaggerate China's possible geopolitical consequences caused by the development, while the British pay more attention to the environment, energy and resources to the world, and hope to cooperate with China to address climate change, energy security and other global challenges. In May 2007, British foreign secretary Margaret beckett pointed out in a speech delivered at the party school of the CPC central committee entitled "building a harmonious world: uk-china relations and its contribution to addressing international challenges": "we see China as a strategic partner in the UK... Britain and Europe also have a stake in China's continued economic boom. I would like to quote a concept used by the Chinese leadership, which is that the UK and China are not only strategic partners, but also partners in scientific development. She added, "in a globalized world of interdependence, China's success is good for the world, and China's failure hurts everyone." Beckett's remarks illustrate the Blair administration's pragmatic foreign policy of turning challenges into opportunities in response to China's development.

Since brown took office in 2007, he has continued to pursue a pragmatic approach to China. Brown, who was chancellor of the exchequer in Blair's government, has visited China many times and supported the development of friendly and cooperative relations with China. He has said in public speeches that China's peaceful rise is not a threat and noted that "Britain's foreign policy objectives cannot be achieved without working closely with China".

It is worth mentioning that under the background of the current international financial and economic crisis, the brown government attaches great importance to and makes positive comments on China's role and supports China and other large developing countries to play a bigger role in international institutions. In addressing other global challenges and reform of the international system, the brown government also attaches great importance to China's role and appeal, and advocates that the international community should increase assistance to developing countries and support technology transfer and financial cooperation in the fields of climate and environment. It can be said that the China policy of the brown government has continued the pragmatic friendship of the Blair era and made new progress at the same time.

It is a new credo of contemporary international diplomacy that diplomacy serves economy. The realization of this diplomatic goal requires transcending the differences of social systems between countries and getting rid of the shackles of ideological differences. China and the UK have different social systems and different ideologies and values, but this has not prevented the UK from developing relations with China. The reason lies in the fact that the UK emphasizes that diplomacy serves the economy and adopts the strategy of prioritizing economic interests under ideological differences. Above all, Britain's pragmatic diplomacy with China is mainly driven by economic interests.

From the outset, there have been strong economic motivations for Britain's China policy. As mentioned earlier, one of the important considerations for the UK to recognize the new China is to maintain its investment and expand its market in China. According to relevant statistics, the import and export volume of china-uk trade was 23 million us dollars in 1949. After the UK recognized the People's Republic of China, the direct trade between China and the UK and the trade between mainland China and Hong Kong both recovered and developed significantly in 1950, with the volume of trade about three times that of 1949. The comparison of these figures shows that pragmatic diplomacy with China has brought significant economic benefits to the UK. Economic considerations also played an important role in helping Britain finally make rational decisions about Hong Kong.

The Blair government sees great opportunities in China's rapid economic development and hopes to pursue practical cooperation with China for economic benefits. During his first visit to China in 1998, Blair issued a joint statement with Chinese leaders, which established the development framework of china-uk comprehensive partnership and laid a political foundation for china-uk economic cooperation. After his next visit to China in 2003, Blair agreed with the Chinese side to set up an interactive group on bilateral relations, which brought together wisdom from all sectors of society and put forward new proposals on trade and investment, finance, energy, education, culture, science and technology, environment, including climate change and sustainable development. Mr Blair also reminded the eu of its pragmatic approach to trade disputes with China. In 2005, for example, when the sino-eu textile trade negotiations were floundering, Blair stressed that the eu should view China's development rationally. There is, of course, a domestic interest behind this, as the UK stands to gain a lot from developing the Chinese market from a trade and economic perspective. Mr Blair has successfully exploited the historic opportunity of China's peaceful development to secure tangible benefits for the UK, as evidenced by the annual rise in trade between the two countries during his tenure.

Mr Blair's successor, Gordon brown, is an economic and fiscal man with a deeper understanding of the opportunities that China's development presents to Britain. In a speech to the Chinese academy of social sciences in February 2005, brown, then chancellor of the exchequer, said, "some may see China and global integration as a threat. I see China's rise and deepening global integration not as a threat but as an opportunity. It's an opportunity because China is a huge market with huge opportunities for British companies; A dynamic market that prepares Britain to meet and respond to the challenges of the new world. It is an opportunity because China's development helps us understand the need for change and enables the British people to seek change. Since brown's government came into office, it has attached great importance to economic diplomacy with China, and British trade and investment with China have been growing steadily. In 2007, the bilateral trade volume between China and the UK reached 39.44 billion us dollars, an increase of 28.6%, among which China's exports reached 31.66 billion us dollars, an increase of 31%, and imports 7.78 billion us dollars, an increase of 19.5%. By the end of 2007, the UK had invested in 5,834 projects in China, with an agreed amount of us $28.58 billion and an actual amount of us $14.78 billion. In recent years, the economic and trade disputes between China and the eu have increased, but the brown government insists that China's development will do more good than harm to china-uk economic and trade relations, and the British business community is increasingly aware of the interests of cooperation with China. The UK is now the eu's largest investor in China and the eu's third largest trading partner with China.

While further exploring the Chinese market, the brown government also tried to expand the common interests with China through diversified means, so as to promote the institutionalization and institutionalization of bilateral cooperation to a new level. In 2008, the two countries held the first china-uk economic and financial dialogue at the deputy prime minister level. In the shadow of the current international financial and economic crisis, the mechanism has highlighted its significance and value. On the one hand, the British economy dragged down by the financial crisis and recession, the international monetary fund forecasts released data show that the British economy will contract by 2.8% this year, under the worst recession in the developed country, in this case the UK more realized the importance of cooperation with China, hoping to use the Sino-British trade in order to boost their stagnant economy. On the other hand, due to the impact of the international financial and economic crisis, trade protectionism is on the rise in the world. However, China and the UK have reached consensus on reforming the international financial system and opposing trade protection, and share common interests. Therefore, the above mechanism provides a good platform for deepening bilateral exchanges and cooperation. In March 2008, wood, director general of the asia-pacific department of the British foreign office, said at a meeting of the uk-china trade association that Britain needs China to maintain stability and development, and China is Britain's partner in advancing the reform of the international financial system and opposing trade protectionism. China also needs Britain's cooperation to resist trade protectionism, defuse some diplomatic challenges and promote overseas investment and trade. The second china-uk economic and financial dialogue was held in London in May 2009. The two sides reached many important consensus on cooperation in finance, trade, investment, energy and environment. Darling, the chancellor of the exchequer positive comments on China to promote the implementation of the group of 20 financial summit in London consensus the constructive role played by, say China in tackling the international financial crisis, the reform of the international financial system to reflect the current state of the world plays an important role, he also emphasized in the current situation of the importance of both countries work together, according to the British side looking forward to further close cooperation with China.

Ideology and values differences is the biggest sticking point leading to twists and turns in china-eu relations in recent years, but with some sort of reverse method, the sino-german relations in contrast, the overall china-uk relations remain stable and obtain further development, its reason lies in the better processing the political differences and the relationship between the economic interests, and take the ideological differences of pragmatic strategy of economic benefits is preferred. It can be predicted that with the continuous development of China's economy, china-uk relations will be closer and the role of economic factors in Britain's diplomacy with China will be further strengthened. Of course, it should be emphasized that the economic relations between China and the UK in the new era are based on equality, cooperation and mutual benefit.

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