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本篇paper代写- Handicraft industry in the middle ages of England and song dynasty of China讨论了英国中世纪与中国宋代手工业。中世纪中期以后，随着社会的发展变化，英国乡村手工业开始逐渐形成，并对资本主义萌芽的产生发挥了积极促进作用。英国中世纪晚期乡村手工业就一直受到庄园制度的影响，从而使其生产管理制度具有自身的特点。中国宋代手工业和英国中世纪有所不同，包括一般官民的日用品和盐、酒、茶以及矿产品等榷禁物品的经营，其将手工业按组织方式分为官营手工业和民营手工业。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

For the handicraft production management in the economic legislation, the medieval England and the song dynasty have their own characteristics. Although many scholars believe that China's capitalism began in the Ming dynasty, it should be noted that "in the song dynasty, due to the handicraft production in the song dynasty, a detailed inter-industry and intra-industry division of labor system had been formed, but the specialized division of labor in the production process was not developed. Therefore, the improvement of the handicraft division of labor in the song dynasty mainly reflected in the expansion of commodity types rather than the increase of the same commodity quantity.

Rural handicraft industry is the product of social and economic development in a certain period. Its development is based on the increasingly mature handicraft technology, organization and management. Since the Norman conquest in 1066, the feudal manor system has been gradually established in England. After the middle ages, with the development and changes of society, rural handicraft industry in England began to take shape gradually, and played a positive role in promoting the emergence of capitalism. The rural handicraft industry in the late middle ages of England has been influenced by the "manorial system", which makes its production and management system have its own characteristics.

First of all, the feudal production and management of rural handicraft industry in medieval England. A cottage industry of medieval Britain production labor force mainly comes from a part of free farmers off the land, although its out of the feudal lords of the land of personal relationship, but it is still in the domain of the lords engaged in handicraft production, it is inevitably is feudal lords or management and restriction for the owner. This is also encouraging farmers to gradually reduce household industrial production and rely more and more on village and urban artisans to provide them with products and services, resulting in the emergence of an independent artisan class in urban and rural areas, but not completely free from the exploitation of landlords or plantation owners.

Secondly, the capitalist nature of handicraft production management. In the handicraft industry, there were also early wage laborers, which showed that medieval England had a certain degree of equality and freedom in the management of craftsmen. The main form of handicraft in the middle ages was the workshop, in which masters, helpers, and apprentices worked. Helpers were wage laborers in the early handicraft industry. Their wages are paid in various ways, either by the hour or by the piece, sometimes in money, but more popular in kind. This fully reflects the emergence of capitalism in the production and management of handicraft industry at that time, and the special technical division of labor and producer groups promoted the economic development of Britain.

The handicraft industry in song dynasty of China is different from that in the middle ages of England, including commodities of common officials and civilians, salt, wine, tea and mineral products, etc. The government-run handicraft industry can be divided into two parts: the handicraft industry directly under the central government and the local government. The central government set up a small office, will be a supervisor, military surveillance, salt and iron division. The local production area sets up the farm service, is responsible for the concrete production, the transportation and sales, the tax revenue matters. Generally speaking, the government of official-run handicraft industry allocates resources in an administrative way, has a strong foundation of fixed capital input and sources of working capital, and obtains needed labor force through administrative or market means, so it can organize large-scale production and form a detailed specialized division of labor in production. However, in the traditional society where the function of capital market is defective, the capital accumulation of private handicraft industry mainly comes from self-accumulation, which restricts the expansion of capital and restricts the expansion of production scale.

In the song dynasty, with the development of agriculture, handicraft production became more and more prosperous, and the production scale and varieties were also expanded and increased, and transformed from natural type to commodity type. Therefore, to strengthen the management of handicraft production and make relevant laws became the urgent task for the rulers of song dynasty. The song dynasty was a period of continuous development of China's feudal society and economy. Especially with the development of commodity economy in song dynasty, the means of state intervention in economic life -- economic legal system increased significantly and played an increasingly important role in economic activities.

Among them, the salt law, the liquor law and the regulation of the function of the supervisor in production show the strict and meticulous management law. As for the cooking of salt, the government of song dynasty stipulated that only the families with official status could make salt, and private frying was forbidden. In the song dynasty, there was a set of strict laws on the production of wine. In most regions, the state set up burears and burears to sell "imens", and the central point was that the government controlled the manufacture of wine and the monopoly of wine. In addition, the management function of supervisors mainly has two aspects: production quota and product quality and specification, and strict control of production and management to promote the development of industry and commerce, thus strengthening the development of capitalism in the song dynasty.

Legal system of production management is a very important and key factor in economic legislation, which plays a vital role in the economic development of the whole country. In the middle ages of England, it was precisely because of the strict regulations and policy guidance on production management that the foundation of capitalism was laid. In the song dynasty of China, the economy and national strength reached their peak in Chinese history. The unique legal system of production management of the two countries plays a historical role in the development of the two countries.

First of all, let's look at the social and economic effects of the production management system in medieval England. As mentioned above, medieval England was in the turning point of feudal rule. At this time, the manor system had a great impact on the production and management of Britain. In order to meet the interests of feudal landlords, the rulers of England began to strengthen the legal adjustment and management of rural handicraft industry. The most prominent is the management system of rural craftsmen and workshops under the manor system, which provides a solid foundation for the rapid development of rural handicraft industry. According to statistics, "in the 13th century perhaps half of the total rural population was a full-time or part-time wage earner. Conservative estimates put the number of these workers at more than one million, perhaps even closer to two million. This led to the rapid development of private economy and commodity economy, and the "right" consciousness of rural handicraft class began to sprout. At the same time, it also promotes the introduction of Roman law, which embodies the general rules of commodity economy, into the field of British public law. Due to the revival of Roman law, Roman law about the provisions of the personal and property and its spirit of interpretation and communication, to a great extent, awaken and strengthen the consciousness of the people's rights and equality, this also further accelerate the speed of the medieval Britain cottage industry of booming development, promote the rural economic transition to a capitalist commodity economy.

Secondly, the promotion of the handicraft management system in song dynasty to the budding of capitalist economy. In the song dynasty, industry and commerce were basically controlled by the state, and the economic laws of industry and commerce also had obvious absolutism, but also reflected the pursuit of effectiveness and originality. The government's implementation of the buy-and-buy law and the change of the labor system into the employment system in manual workshops all promoted the development of industry and commerce in the song dynasty to some extent. Although the employment system did not grow further, it was also a sign of the improvement of productivity at that time. As mentioned above, the song government had strict control over local governments and handicraft industries distributed in local areas, especially in the supervision and management of handicraft workshops, which stipulated a large number of legal systems. This promotes the expansion of the production scale of handicraft industry, strengthens the division of labor in economic life, and gives play to the reaction of law on economy to some extent, thus realizing the prosperity of national economy.

To sum up, the medieval and although China's song dynasty economic legal system has its limitations, but on the whole, is adapted to the social and economic development situation, it is both took their cue from a Soviet legislative achievement, and can according to the reality of economic development of the truth, to develop a set of feasible economic laws and regulations and policies, to a certain extent promoted the British middle ages and the development of China's song dynasty's social economy, played the same role in promoting, but also for future generations left a certain economic legislation.

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