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本篇paper代写- Modern British nation-state讨论了英国近代民族国家。英国近代民族国家的兴起始于1485年建立的都铎王朝，并以此作为英国近代史的开端。这不仅因为英法百年战争后英国由于失败而不得不退回到不列颠岛，从此按照民族原则和地域原则致力于内部发展，为民族国家的建立划定了方向，而且都铎王朝的建立结束了英国内部兰开斯特和约克两个家族的长期斗争，封建领地军事贵族的力量随之削弱，扫除了组建民族国家的最大障碍。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Nation-states emerged in Western Europe, mainly British and French nation-states. Both these countries were established under monarchies at first, that is, national monarchies, and then they changed from monarchies to democracies. The British monarchy strengthened the centralization of power by sweeping away the domestic separatist forces and religious reform, established a unified domestic market and supported the development of national languages, thus promoting the formation of a unified national state.

A nation state, a sovereign state based on a nation, must have two important factors, namely, state sovereignty and ethnic unity. At the same time, the nation-state is a form of state that appeared in the late middle ages of Europe and generally formed in the bourgeois era. Britain's nation-state emerged in the late middle ages and early modern times, and its national sovereignty and national unity emerged with the decline of Roman curia and the collapse of the Latin Christian world in the middle ages. The establishment of the British nation-state was achieved through the struggle with Roman Catholic forces, foreign islamic conquest forces and internal feudal separatist forces.

There were many factors contributing to the establishment of the modern nation-state in Britain: historical, accidental, and sociopolitical. This paper tries to elaborate from three aspects: the establishment of Tudor dynasty ended the feudal division within England and took many measures to strengthen the royal power; the generation of English national consciousness and its influencing factors; In the process of English reformation, secular kingship gradually got rid of the shackles of Roman church.

It is generally believed that the rise of modern nation-state in Britain began with the establishment of the Tudor dynasty in 1485, which was regarded as the beginning of modern British history. This not only because the British and French war in one hundred after the British because of failure and had to return to Britain, in accordance with the principle of national and regional principle, committed to the development of the internal for the establishment of the nation state designated the direction, and the establishment of the Tudor dynasty ended within Britain family of Lancaster and york two long struggle, the power of the feudal estates military aristocracy then weaken, remove the biggest obstacle to form a national. Herry VII, the first Tudor monarch, took a series of measures to strengthen the monarchy and make Britain strong.

For Henry Tudor, the most important thing was to restore the power of the British monarchy beyond the power of aristocratic gangs. In response, Henry vii married princess Elizabeth, daughter of Edward iv of york, through marriage only, uniting two warring families and bringing them under the rule of the king. In addition, he reduced the power of the nobility, especially the military power of their independence. Henry vii also faced the question of how to restore and strengthen the crown. From the beginning he tried to get the king to run parliament rather than parliament, and the most important way was to increase the royal revenue. His main sources of income are royal estates, customs revenue, court fines and his feudal privileges as the supreme Lord. When Henry vii died, he left about two million pounds -- a sum equal to the regular income for at least fifteen years.

There are many factors and manifestations of the emergence and development of British national consciousness. English, as a national language, is the linguistic expression of British people's national identity.

In medieval England, Roman Catholicism ruled the Christian world, and Latin was the religious language. In addition, French was widely used in England in the 14th century. It even says that "there are two french-speaking kingdoms, one on the continent and the other on an island not far from the continent." After the conflict between Britain and France intensified, the hundred years' war broke out, and the confiscation of British aristocrats' territories in France, the British began to hate the French and regarded French as the "language of the enemy".

After the middle of the 14th century, with the emergence of national consciousness of the British, English gradually rose to the same important position as French and Latin. At the beginning of the 15th century, Henry iv actively advocated the use of the national language -- English. In 1440, Henry vi founded the grammar school, which actively supported the development of national languages. The reformation under Henry viii led to the replacement of Latin with English in religious ceremonies. 1611 the promulgation of the king James bible is of great significance to the formation and development of the English community. In addition, the British people are also concerned about and supportive of the development of national languages: English was adopted in literary creation, and published books promoted the growth of national languages among the British people.

In early British society, Christianity formed a partnership with secular kingship, with the church and the kingship working together to share the power of the state. "The spread of Christianity in Britain had a stabilizing effect on the monarchy." The influence of Christianity permeated all walks of English society. With the development of kingship, the cooperative relationship between church power and secular power developed into a confrontation. As early as the time of Henry ii, the two sides clashed over the separation of the courts from the traditional church and the secular world.

Henry viii, who had been ordered by the Pope to be jin, broke with Catherine in order to settle her divorce. Both the civil class and the aristocracy wanted to carry out the religious reform, obtain the church property, and urgently demand the overthrow of the Catholic rule in favor of the development of industry and commerce. In the second half of 1530, a reform group headed by Thamas Crornwell formed in the council. Between 1532 and 1534, parliament passed the "first year's salary of priests" and the "law against taxation to holy see", which greatly increased the royal revenue. In 1534, Henry viii had parliament pass The supreme law, declaring The king to be The sole and supreme head of The Anglican Church. The greatest influence of Henry VIII's time was the abolition of monasteries. The confiscated land was given to the nobility or auctioned to the big bourgeoisie, thus forming a vested interest group against the restoration of Catholicism in English society and expanding the social base of the religious reform.

During Edward VI's reign, the teaching of the church of England was protestant. But these measures were largely overturned when Mary I came to the throne in 1553. She tried to restore Catholicism as the official religion of England and punished the infidels with Bloody Mary. In 1558, Elizabeth I took the throne and further promoted the religious reform and advocated religious tolerance. In 1559, she ordered the parliament to pass the Act Of Supermacy, establishing the British episcopal church as a formal British religion and reconfirming the supreme authority Of the British monarch over religion and the secular world. The article 39 formulated in 1563 took the bible as the only criterion of faith, which greatly strengthened the loyalty and obedience of the subjects to the royal power and finally made the Tudor dynasty's theocratic rule reach its peak and the nation-state was consolidated unprecedently. At this point, the English reformation was over.

Begins with Henry VIII's top-down reformation, on the surface, the original is just get rid of the papal control Henry viii, to divorce Catherine of a means of solving the mammoth historical background in Europe in the 16th century was endowed with the meaning of The Times, make its "is no longer a depends on the king's personal will isolated phenomenon, and become a kind of the behavior of the country, a nation reflects the collective will of action". By the time of Elizabeth I, legislation and repression finally established the status of protestantism in England and brought it under the control of secular power. At the same time of negating the Roman Catholic faith, the supreme authority of the British monarch was established, which consolidated the absolute monarchy system and external independence and sovereignty.

Of course, the nation-state is a complex historical and social issue, and its establishment is influenced by many factors. Britain's nation-state came into being earlier. Although it is partly related to its geographical location, it is more from the development of various internal forces, which is generally regarded as an "endogenous type". The rise of the nation-state began with the establishment of a unified territory and the strengthening of centralized power, and then began to compete with the Pope for the leadership of the state. Among them, the formation and development of national language plays an important role in inspiring people's national consciousness. After the establishment of the unified Tudor dynasty and a series of religious reforms, especially after English gradually became the national language, Britain also had the embryonic form of modern national state. After the British bourgeois revolution in 1640, its national monarchy gradually transferred to parliamentary democracy, laying the basic features of modern state system.

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