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本篇paper代写- Agricultural organization in Japan讨论了日本的农业组织形式。日本的农业协同组织是日本最基本普遍的农业合作组织形式。农协的发展历史最早可以追溯到明治维新时期农民和手工业者自发组织的“同业组合”。二战后，日本政府在驻日盟军总司令部的指导下，于1947年出台了《农业协同组合法》，正式用农业协同组织取代了农业会，到1948年底日本基本已经形成了覆盖全国的农协网络。在法律制度的保障下，农协成为了日本农业生产中必不可少的组织形式，此后在1954年日本政府又设立了农协在都道府县的联合会和全国的中央会，以加强对农协的规范化管理和指导。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Agricultural organization form innovation is the important content that promotes agricultural modernization construction. Since the founding of new China, the form of agricultural organization in China has experienced many explorations and changes. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the masses spontaneously formed mutual aid groups, agricultural cooperatives, and then the people's communization movement. Collectivization in agricultural production was constantly strengthened, but the lack of effective incentive mechanism led to the low efficiency in production of people's communes.

In order to better find the ideas of agricultural organization form innovation in China, we might as well analyze the development and structure of Japan's agricultural organization, and combine with China's national conditions to explore the ideas and programs of agricultural organization innovation that can be used for reference.

Agricultural cooperative organization in Japan is the most basic and common form of agricultural cooperative organization. The history of the development of the association can be traced back to the "association of the same trade" organized by the peasants and craftsmen during the Meiji restoration. In 1900, Japan issued the law of industrial combination, and the government began to become an important driving force for the development of rural "industrial combination". With the encouragement and support of the government, Japan's industrial portfolio developed rapidly. In 1924, about 80% of the cities in Japan set up an industrial portfolio, and about 50% of the farmers joined the industrial portfolio. During the World War II, in order to launch the war of aggression, Japan merged the industrial groups into the national unified control of the "agricultural association", through which the government directly controlled the country's agricultural production.

After World War II, the Japanese government, under the guidance of the general command of the allied forces stationed in Japan, issued the law of agricultural cooperative organization in 1947, formally replacing the agricultural association with agricultural cooperative organization. By the end of 1948, Japan had basically formed a nationwide network of agricultural cooperative organizations. Under the protection of the legal system, the association has become an indispensable form of organization in Japanese agricultural production, and then in 1954, the Japanese government established the association in prefectures and prefectures in the capital and the national central committee to strengthen the standardized management and guidance of the association.

In 1956, the Japanese government enacted the "agricultural reconditioning measures" to further strengthen the legal protection of agricultural associations. With the expansion of agricultural products market, decentralized small agricultural association has gradually failed to meet the needs of Japan's agricultural development, and integration has become the main trend of the development of agricultural association. In 1961, the Japanese government introduced the "law on the promotion of the merger of peasant associations", which promoted the merger of peasant associations nationwide by means of government economic subsidies, and stipulated that the base size of peasant households included in the association was 1,000. After the 1970s, the Japanese agricultural association continued to accelerate the merger and expansion, and the competitiveness and influence of the agricultural association also increased with the expansion of the scale.

In general, the organizational structure of the Japanese farmers' association can be divided vertically into grassroots farmers' associations at the municipal level, central farmers' associations and federations at the prefectural level, and national farmers' associations and federations. Horizontally, the Japanese agricultural association can be divided into comprehensive agricultural association and professional agricultural association. The comprehensive agricultural association is a general agricultural association, which guides the agricultural production and daily life of the group members based on the group members engaged in agricultural production in a certain area. Professional agricultural associations are composed of producers of specific agricultural products and provide guidance and purchase and sales services for the production of specific agricultural products. Compared with comprehensive agricultural associations, the number of professional agricultural associations is larger and smaller, reaching 4097 at its peak. In addition, according to the different sources of financing, the association can be divided into the group members' investment in the funds and the non-investment in the operation of the poundage, in which the non-investment in the financial services such as savings deposit cannot be handled by the association.

With the continuous development of Japanese agricultural association, its function has gradually expanded from simply arranging agricultural production within the association to all aspects of farmers' production and life. At present, the main functions of Japanese agricultural association include agricultural guidance, economic affairs, welfare, credit support, mutual aid and other agricultural affairs. Among them, agricultural guidance mainly refers to the guidance for farmers in agricultural management and agricultural technology, including promoting farmers to jointly arrange the marketing of agricultural products and procurement of production materials, and providing on-site agricultural technical guidance. The economic affairs of the association mainly include marketing and procurement, in which marketing is mainly to obtain higher prices in the market through unified rating and transportation of agricultural products. In order to realize the unified scheduling of the marketing process, most agricultural associations are equipped with rating centers, temperature controlled warehouses and grain elevators. In terms of procurement, the association helps farmers purchase fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machinery at a low price. Some of the associations also set up supermarket chains and gas stations for their members. The welfare undertakings mainly involve welfare security and medical and health affairs in the daily life of peasant families, including organizing women's associations and providing life services such as medical care, recreational activities, travel and purchase of high-end consumer goods. Credit support refers to the bank services such as deposit and loan, foreign currency exchange, bill discount and purchase of national debt provided by the peasant association. This business is mainly undertaken by the credit department of the peasant association, namely the central Treasury of agriculture and forestry. In order to ensure the stability of agriculture and farmers' life, the agricultural association's mutual aid business is to provide diversified mutual insurance according to the different life cycle needs of members, and improve the community's pension benefits and traffic safety. In addition to the above functions, the association also undertakes additional services such as housing rental and sale, processing of agricultural products, and community environmental protection. It can be seen that the agricultural association in Japan has been far from a simple organization of agricultural cooperative production, but a complex organization that covers all aspects of Japanese agriculture and continues to expand its functions.

It is precisely because the association occupies a crucial core position in Japanese agriculture that it is often seen as the spokesman of Japanese agriculture and farmers, which makes the association's political status in Japan constantly improve, and the association's ability to influence politics also enhance.

Japanese agricultural association in the long-term development process of the progress of Japanese agriculture has a huge role in promoting. The association has raised farmers' incomes. By taking advantage of its monopoly advantages, the agricultural association unified allocation of agricultural procurement, production and exchange links, which not only lowered the cost of purchasing fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural tools, but also raised the price of agricultural products in the Japanese agricultural market. Since the scale of the association began to expand in 1961, the per capita income of Japanese peasant households relative to non-peasant households has been rising year by year. The expansion of the association not only brings economies of scale effect, but also gives the association a higher political voice, which can influence the direction of government policies and regulations, so as to better protect the interests of farmers. The association has improved the community service system in rural areas for public affairs such as welfare, health care and medical care. Although the association is a non-governmental non-governmental organization with free access and democratic management, to a certain extent, the association has assumed part of the administrative work and social security functions at the rural grass-roots level. More than 40% of the hospitals affiliated to the association are located in cities and villages with less than 50,000 people. In rural areas, the association plays a more important role in health care than Japan's jisen and the Japanese Red Cross.

Moreover, the association has improved the management and technology of Japanese agriculture. On the one hand, the association can directly strengthen the training of farmers in agricultural technology and purchase more advanced means of production for farmers. On the other hand, the unified dispatching of agricultural production by the association also promotes the modernization of agricultural management.

In general, the association is of positive significance in safeguarding Japan's agricultural production and social stability. Under the management of the agricultural association, farmers' production and life are fully guaranteed, and the uncertainty of production of individual farmers is significantly reduced. In addition, the association also participated in the construction of infrastructure and environmental protection in rural Japan, strengthening the protection of rural ecological environment and ensuring the stable and sustainable development of agriculture in the future. According to the central committee of the national farmers' association, the association spends more than 8.2 billion yen a year on major environmental protection and infrastructure projects in rural areas.

While protecting agriculture, the association also monopolized the agricultural production in Japan, resulting in high prices of agricultural products in Japan and damage to the overall welfare level of the society. According to the statistics of the ministry of general affairs of Japan, since 1970, the price of rice in Japan is always higher than the overall price level, when the gap between the two is the largest, the price of rice is 60% higher than the overall price, indicating that the price of agricultural products in Japan far exceeds the general level of residents' living price.

The strength of the agricultural association also formed resistance to Japanese agricultural imports. In order to maintain the high price of agricultural products in Japan, the agricultural association actively USES its political influence to prevent Japan from opening up the international trade of agricultural products, and the strict trade protection of agricultural products has become the crux of deadlock in various FTA negotiations in Japan. At the same time, under the excessive trade protection policy, the farmers with small production scale and high production cost also lack the motivation to reduce the cost, which further solidifies the high price of agricultural products in Japan.

The important position of agricultural association in economy and politics led to special benefits. As a non-governmental organization, the association is an important channel for the Japanese government to directly regulate agricultural production, and often receives many additional privileges. For example, the association can engage in multiple financial activities at the same time, while other financial institutions are severely restricted in this respect. Moreover, the agricultural association directly controls the various stages before, during and after agricultural production, and can often obtain the high price difference in the purchase and sale of means of production through the intermediary.

Japan ja's history has been nearly 70 years, in the long-term development, the ja in perfecting the function of the organizational structure is becoming more and more complicated at the same time, the organization redundancy, cause the ja operational efficiency is declining, the layers of all kinds of the ja operational costs were added to the agricultural prices, which further led to the Japanese agricultural prices rise.

In addition to the current problems of the Japanese agricultural association, Japan's domestic agricultural development is also facing new challenges. First, the quality and quantity of the labor force are declining. Not only is the structure of rural labor force aging, but the absolute number of rural labor force is also declining. From 1960 to 2015, the agricultural area of Japan dropped from 6.07 million hectares to 4.49 million hectares, a decrease of about 26%. Third, the economic downturn in Japan has also led to a continuous decline in the market demand for high-priced agricultural products. According to the statistics of the ministry of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, the per capita consumption of rice in Japan has dropped from 111.7 kg in 1965 to 54.2 kg in 2017, a decrease of more than 50%.

As calls for agricultural reform grew in Japan, the Abe government launched a comprehensive agricultural reform program after taking office, including restrictions on the power and organizational structure of the agricultural association. In May 2014, Japan issued "opinions on agricultural reform", including the abolition of the central committee of the agricultural association system, the abolition of the agricultural conference and the national agricultural conference system, and the "agriculture-wide" incorporation of reform proposals. Japan's agricultural association also carried out independent reform, and accepted the government's "agricultural association reform law system and other basic programs" in September 2015.

The focus of the reform is to weaken the control power and economic privilege of the central committee of the association and promote the development of the association as an enterprise. Although the effectiveness of Japan's agricultural reform policy is still unclear and the rationality of many policy measures is still debatable, it can be reflected from the side that there are many contradictions that need to be reconciled between Japan's agricultural association and domestic economic development.

Since the reform and opening up, China's rural areas have implemented a general household contract responsibility system. Under the land contract system, the stability of farmers' expected income is enhanced and their production enthusiasm is also improved. However, individual farmers with small-scale production can only passively accept the market price when facing the market, so the stability of their production and income is constantly impacted by market fluctuations. In the following part, we will start from the above analysis of the form of Japanese agricultural organization, discuss its reference significance to the innovation of Chinese agricultural organization from both positive and negative aspects, and then discuss the possible path of the innovation of Chinese agricultural organization.

As a cooperative production organization for farmers, jha can provide technical guidance, centralized purchase and sales, and financing facilities for farmers' production, thus effectively reducing the uncertainty of farmers in the production process. After the reform and opening up, the people's commune system in China was gradually abolished, and the degree of agricultural cooperation in rural areas was greatly reduced. Meanwhile, the process of marketization was constantly accelerated, and the costs and risks faced by individual farmers in the market also rose accordingly. Although many agricultural cooperation organizations have been established in China, they are generally small in scale and imperfect in system. Therefore, strengthening the standardization construction of agricultural production cooperation and expanding the scale of agricultural cooperation organization are of great significance to the current innovation of rural organizations in China.

From the specific function of the Japanese agricultural association, it not only provides effective guidance and management of agricultural production, but also provides convenience for the public life of the community of farmers. At present, China's urban-rural income gap is large, the rural social security system is not perfect, rural health care construction is relatively backward. Therefore, the association of agricultural cooperative organizations with public services in rural communities can promote the increase of agricultural income and at the same time promote the improvement of agricultural community management level and farmers' living standards in China.

From the development of Japanese agricultural association and organizational structure. Japanese agricultural association is in a series of legal system under the promotion of continuous development and improvement. In addition, the organization structure of Japanese agricultural association is very perfect, which can promote the cooperation of agricultural producers in the same region and the same product.

The low efficiency of the Japanese agricultural association is largely due to the excessive organizational hierarchy of the association. The multi-layer management from the local grass-roots level to the central level leads to the over-expansion of the management department and staff system of the association, and the resulting administrative expenses further drive up the cost of Japanese agricultural products. Therefore, in the development of agricultural cooperatives, we should not only improve the organizational structure to provide various guarantees for farmers' production and life, but also avoid too complicated vertical structure, which would lead to unnecessary waste of manpower and material resources and reduce social efficiency.

Moreover, the power of agricultural cooperatives is regulated and limited by the national government. As the direct spokesman of farmers, the Japanese agricultural association has a very important political position in Japan, which also leads to the special rights and interests of production, operation and financing under various agricultural protection policies. Its agricultural monopoly also has a negative impact on the overall welfare of Japanese society. Therefore, while promoting the development of agricultural cooperatives, it is also necessary to strengthen their supervision, management and legal constraints to avoid the problems of privileges and corruption.

Finally, agricultural cooperatives should be truly "run by the people and manage their benefits", practice democratic management, democratic supervision and financial transparency. Because the Japanese agricultural association is not a complete enterprise organization, do not need to be audited, so in the operation of the farmers to earn a lot of financial chaos. Only by strengthening the management and supervision of agricultural cooperatives by the public and the society and maintaining financial transparency can agricultural cooperatives be prevented from becoming fishing tools that harm the interests of farmers.

China's current agricultural organization innovation has a long way to go. In addition to strengthening the construction of agricultural cooperation organizations, there are many ways to reform township enterprises. For agricultural cooperative organizations, on the one hand, the fragile individual agricultural production in the market economy needs collective organization to guide and manage, so as to ensure the stability of farmers' income and agricultural production. Regions in our country, on the other hand, have different level of economic development in the countryside, rural land is a great disparity conditions, natural conditions, the specific implementation of agricultural cooperation organization construction needs to adjust measures to local conditions, to consider the local production, promote the improvement of agricultural production cooperation with local farmers life, at the same time, strengthen the management of agricultural cooperation organization standard, the greatest degree to the protection of the interests of farmers.

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