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英国essay论文精选范文：“浅谈流行病学”，这篇论文讨论了流行病学。流行病学是公共卫生的基础学科之一。它是对人口健康和疾病状况、原因和影响的研究。换句话说，流行病学有助于研究人口的健康和疾病。因此，流行病学已经成为公共卫生中的重中之重。如今，几乎所有的政府都将流行病学纳入公共卫生，其在医学和相关领域的研究中已成为不可或缺的部分。

Epidemiology is one of the fundamental sciences in public health. It is the study of patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions in population. In other words, epidemiology helps in studying health and disease patterns in population and in mapping emerging diseases.

The history of epidemiology can be traced backed to the observations made by Hippocrates 2000 years ago. He said that environment factors played a role in disease development. But, until 18th century there were no major developments in the field. The advent of industrial revolution made it a necessity for the government in England to establish a system where in the population count had to be taken due to the precarious conditions in which people started living in. Due to industrial revolution, many factories were being established across England and population migration started to take place. Thus, the government of England had to study population and with Statistics it was first time possible to study the patterns in population.

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On the other hand, there was research in the field of public health as well, similar to the lines of population statistics. As mentioned earlier, the precarious living conditions of the working class during the late 19th century were studied and two laws regulating the working and living conditions were passed. The first law, the Poor law was highly unsuccessful in addressing the issues and quickly this law was replaced by the Public Health Act. The Public Health Act was very successful in addressing those issues which the Poor law had failed to address.

Thus, the Public Health Act became a milestone act or law which paved the way for the study of epidemiology to fully uncover itself and also the modern healthcare system as we know it, started to evolve.

The next breakthrough for epidemiology came with the sanitary reforms being initiated in England. Urban spaces witnessed growing filth and decaying organic matter. The odor emanating the from the filth and decaying organic matter was spreading through the environment and was causing various diseases to the people. Thus, leading to the development of sanitary reforms. These reforms showed definitely that keeping the filth away was essential for maintaining proper health among the population.

Another breakthrough in epidemiology came with the discovery of infectious diseases caused by microorganisms. During the early and mid 19th century, microorganisms were not considered as suspects and hence there was mystery about the spread of diseases. But, when it was established that microorganisms are the cause and spread of infectious diseases, a new and never before seen perspective towards diseases emerged. This led to the classification of diseases and the microorganisms causing them respectively.

Apart from this discovery, many biologists, physiologists and chemists started research for finding cure to diseases such as malaria, cholera, etc which were affecting many people among the population. Finding a cure meant that lives of many people could be saved.

Later on, in early and mid 20th century, many discoveries related to substance abuse, poisoning and development of diseases were discovered. Some examples include smoking and lung cancer, mercury poisoning, etc. These studies and discoveries have all been made possible by the application of the study of epidemiology.

Thus, epidemiology has taken one of the most important places in public health. In one way, it has become indispensible for almost all the governments across the globe to include epidemiology in public health and include it in the study of medicine and related fields.

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