Political Corruption in the Development of Britain-英文作业代写－r51due

英国essay论文精选范文：“Political Corruption in the Development of Britain”，这篇论文讨论了英国发展过程中的政治腐败。虽然经过几百年风风雨雨，英国资产阶级在遏制腐败方面逐步建立了一套预防和惩治腐败的机制，但在英国的发展过程中，却出现过很多政治腐败的现象。17世纪的恩赐制和混乱的管理就使得文官队伍素质低下，充斥着无能之辈，发生大量假公济私、贪污挪用的现象。吏治中的体制性腐败也导致了国家管理的无序和低效，在北美独立战争时英国就因此而吃了苦头，因工作人员的失职无能而影响了英国的战事。

Although the "glorious revolution" in 1688 led to the formal establishment of the bourgeois monarchy in Britain in 1688, the "glorious revolution" achieved the "compromise between the new middle class and the feudal landlords" The "salaries and official political loot left to the landlord family", the British officials of the hiring system is still carried out with the feudal color of the "official gift system", the king, the ministers or members of the nobility still have direct appointment officials that power. In this way, the official hired, not to see their ability and level of knowledge, but on the will of those who have the right to grace. Those who hold the official gift of authority are ministers and department heads, who hired officials based mainly on personal relationships, whether the loyalty and whether the benefits. The arbitrariness of the gift system makes the British officials the most corrupt areas.

Prime Minister Walpole not only through the payment of secret commission to control most of the decay constituency, cling to the official appointment, but also let his son in the government name and public funds in Paris squandering pleasure. Congressman Glenn Weill even the Secretary of the Office of the palm of the throne scheduled to his four-year-old relatives. In the early days of King George III, almost all of the government officials in the hands of the power of control in their own hands. People in order to obtain a bureaucratic position, competing bribes the benefactor. The sale of office is a common phenomenon, especially in the military sector. Please people on behalf of the official also popular. As a result, buying and selling official, who received the bribe of those who have become a gift of fixed income. In 1718 Lord Macclesfield was appointed chief justice. Whenever he appoints a new Judge Assistant, he receives a large grant, and the new judges try to make up for the "loss". In 1759 Franklin 's visit to England came to the impression that Britain was full of scandals in bribery and corruption, "absolute corruption is prevalent among people of all ranks in this ancient country, and it is completely degenerate and corrupt from head to toe!

Grateful and chaotic management makes the quality of the civilian team low, full of incompetent generation, the occurrence of a large number of false public and private, corruption embezzlement phenomenon. Institutional corruption in officialdom led to the disorder and inefficiency of state administration. In the War of Independence, the British suffered because of the incompetence of the staff, which affected the British war.

With the expansion of capital market expansion, the collusion of government and business speculation not only seriously eroded the power of the government, but also undermined the normal capital market order. 1720 "South China Sea bubble" scandal exposure. Nanhai company was founded in 1710, the company through bribery, the acquisition of a number of Members and cabinet ministers, were allowed to buy all the bonds issued. And then to sell short way to issue a large number of company shares. The company's insider exposure of fraud, the company's stock plummeted, a large number of stock buyers and therefore bankrupt. To this end, the then Whig Party Cabinet discredited, triggering a serious crisis. The economic and political crisis was then subsided by administrative intervention, which shifted most of the stock into shares of the Bank of England to reduce losses to investors. Adam Smith in the "Wealth of Nations" has also exposed the East India Company use of privileges and monopoly, opium trafficking, interception and false profits, personal fraud, profiteering profiteering.

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By the end of the eighteenth century, the British government was forced to rectify and corrupt the "official gift system," which stipulated that officials should be appointed by the heads of government departments or senior officials. However, due to the alternation of political parties, no matter which party won the election in the election, all the official positions as "the fruits of victory" for public spoils, to their supporters. In the person who is the pro, in the next person to be slapped. Therefore, the "personal recommendation" is often from the personal affinity for the subjective factors and utilitarian factors, but the pro and take official position to send people to commonplace. 1851 to 1854, the British government private recommended 55 officials without qualified, are mediocrity and incompetence of the generation.

In 1853, the reform of the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Glaston, Sir Stamford North Scotland and Sir Charles Quillian Sir on the status of British officials to conduct a comprehensive survey and put forward reform proposals. In 1854, they proposed a "report on the establishment of the British permanent system", sharply criticized the fundamental drawbacks of the official system at that time, that "official gift system" and "politics "The spoils system" is the root cause of political corruption and administrative inefficiency. In order to fundamentally reform the official, the promise of a report on the British officials of the examination, promotion, classification, management put forward a visionary set of recommendations. Report in February 1854 formally submitted to the parliamentary discussion, in the government, both inside and outside the Parliament has aroused widespread repercussions. Most people are opposed or skeptical about reform. Members of Parliament in the aristocratic is strongly opposed. Because taking the exams for open competitive examinations deprived them of the privilege of appointing government officials, thereby eliminating the possibility of placing cronies in government departments. In March 1854, the Auditor General of the royal family, George Absnott, was quite representative in the parliamentary debate. He attacked Norbert-Quyre's criticism of the ills of the civil service at that time as "an attack on the personal character of the civil servant" and "an injustice" and resolutely opposed any reform. The report submitted to the parliament was withdrawn by the cabinet because of opposition from the conservative congressmen. Nonetheless, the Nordschap report laid the foundations of a modern Western civil service.

In 1854 October the British army in the Crimean war, the British government agency chaos fully exposed. Army officials were both incompetent and derelict, with heavy casualties, but the lack of essential medicines and other logistical supplies on the front lines prevented the timely delivery of food, resulting in heavy casualties on the part of front-line soldiers due to injury or hunger. The Abernteen Cabinet is also not allowed to investigate the chaotic situation in the military sector. Public opinion was uproarious, lawmakers blame the government improper employment, forcing the Cabinet resigned. In order to quell the public angered by the defeat of the front, to meet the demands of liberal forces for reform, the successor of the Palmerston Cabinet on May 21, 1855 promulgated the first civil service reform order, and decided to set up an official Institutional Committee, responsible for examination matters. This order laid the basis for the organization of the examinations. This means of employment and promotion, also known as "merit system." However, this reform is not complete, because it does not require the implementation of open examinations, but recommended for the review of personnel.

Britain was the earliest source of Western parliamentary politics. However, the initial power of the House of Commons weak, the role is only to agree to the king's taxation requirements, so the representative of the position of members of the people do not have much appeal. But with the development of British politics, the status of the House of Commons gradually increased, the role of parliamentarians is also increasingly important. The fiscal and taxation decrees adopted by the Parliament are to be enforced everywhere. By the 18th century, the status of the House of Commons, an unprecedented increase, so be regarded as stepping into politics, promotion of the ladder. Therefore, in the election of Members, due to various political groups are trying to put their people in the House, resulting in the election of members of the election, bribery and corruption of the election things appear, the formation of the House of Representatives election chaos Unbearable situation. Many people spend huge sums of money to buy voters, the House of Representatives actually became the price of goods, prices continue to rise. At the end of the seventeenth century, a seat only a few pounds to tens of pounds, to the end of the eighteenth Century rose to 2000 pounds. In 1807, a Yorkshire seat sold 100,000 pounds. Some financially powerful aristocrats are throwing money at the expense of votes. In 1784 Lord Grosvenor spent £ 8,500 on electioneering only for voters. Some municipalities have even sold seats as an income. Even King George III were mobilized to become "the number one gentleman to vote." Engels, in exposing the corruption of the British parliamentary elections, once said that no one here can say that he was not elected by bribes but by voters, and that the scale of bribery has never been as large as it is now, Seats completely open auction, who is out of the high price, to sell who, these clubs like to do business as the transaction, how much you out of pounds, to ensure that you give a what position. In addition to this, there are a number of ways in which elections can be conducted, such as drinking alcohol at the polls, voters drinking in taverns, disrupting places in polls, quarreling, and fighting - all of which Indicating that the representative for a seven-year term was worthless. We have seen that the Crown and the House of Lords have lost their function; we have seen how the House of Commons is in a position to supplement the members of the House of Commons; the question now is: who is ruling the United Kingdom in essence? Is property. Although in the 18th century Britain promulgated a series of laws aimed at eliminating corruption and safeguarding the impartiality of elections, the loopholes in the bill were the result of a compromise between vested interests and not the eradication of bribery.

After hundreds of years of ups and downs, the British bourgeoisie has accumulated a lot of experience and lessons in curbing corruption, and gradually set up a mechanism to prevent and punish corruption, especially the modern civil service system, effectively curbing corruption, corruption Phenomenon is not sufficient to harm and shake the basic rule of capitalist order. So, even though the corruption scandals are constantly being exposed, the overall control of corruption is not controlled by corruption, even in some developing countries, and even the national political life and the authoritarian system are overturned.

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