Paper代写：Relations between Germany and Russia－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Relations between Germany and Russia，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了德俄关系。冷战结束后很长一段时间内，德俄双方保持着战略合作伙伴关系，德国在俄罗斯与西方之间扮演着利益协调者角色，德国是俄罗斯在欧盟中关系最为密切的国家。但后来俄罗斯与德国的分歧日渐严重，在乌克兰问题中，欧俄双方均将乌克兰视为“底线”。

Germany and Russia,德俄关系,英国论文代写,paper代写,代写

May 2, Russian President Vladimir Putin met with visiting German Chancellor Angela Merkel in Sochi, the first German Chancellor to visit Russia in two years. In the context of Russia's poor relations with Germany and the European Union, Ms Merkel's meeting with Putin before the formal meeting of the US and Russian leaders demonstrates the practicality of German foreign policy. German media and some scholars analysis that whether the relationship between Germany and Russia can break through the past depends on the U.S.-Russia relations can be eased, the United States in relations between Germany and Russia is a "stealth" third-party important force. Although Germany's stance on Ukraine and the Syrian war has values in mind, but if the United States and Russia's relations in the turn, Germany will immediately turn ―― Merkel's visit to Russia is likely to be a preparation for this situation.

For a long time after the Cold War, the two sides maintained a strategic partnership, Germany played a role of interest coordinator between Russia and the West, Germany is Russia in the European Union, the most closely related countries. But since the second term of her presidency, there has been a growing divergence between Russia and Germany, with German media reporting on the situation in Chechnya and accusations that Russia's arrests of "demonstrators" have led to a plunge in political mutual trust. Putin has alienated the west from foreign policy since 2007, criticizing the West for ignoring Russia's geopolitical interests in the Russian war, the Kosovo crisis, the deployment of the European missile defence system, NATO and the eastward expansion of the EU, which has also led to a decline in relations between Germany and Russia. The Ukrainian crisis that erupted at the end of 2013 detonated years of resentment between Russia and the West, and the ensuing Syrian war further exacerbated the confrontation between Russia and the West. Germany's role as Russian "understanding" and mediator between the West and Russia has fallen.

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In Ukraine, both sides regard Ukraine as "the bottom line", the Crimean cast further stimulated Germany and the EU to the Russian strategy apprehension, the Baltic countries to the European Union to put forward a tough foreign policy on Russia's request also brought pressure to Germany. Since 2014, the European Union has escalated its sanctions against Russia, from negotiations on the cessation of the European-Russian economic pact to restricting entry of Russian officials and eventual economic sanctions; During the Syrian war, Germany was committed to multilateral mediation between the parties in the United States, Russia and the Middle East, But the EU's goal of following the US overthrow of the Assad regime has worsened relations with Russia. In fact, there has never been a genuine political ally between Ms Merkel and Mr Putin, which is also closely linked to Ms Merkel's East German origins and to the Russians ' wariness of the beginning. German media ridicule the relationship between the two, said that although Ms. Merkel can speak Russian, Putin can speak German, but Ms. Merkel's treatment of Mr. Putin has never had the same sense of trust as her.

Trump's election to the U.S. president as Germany's unexpected, Trump's ruling philosophy and Germany's foreign policy, the deviation from the German-American relations to face a larger variable. The EU's dependence on the United States in security policy and intelligence is still strong, so the EU and Germany play an active role in international affairs and need to seek American support and understanding. In the Obama era, the EU sanctions against Russia has the United States endorsement, but in the face of Trump on the stage of the signal with the Russian détente, Germany and the European Union to respond to the response to the political need to prepare for the lessons.

Joseph Brammel, a researcher at the German Foreign Policy Association, said in an interview with German television in early May that if Trump's internal pressure in the "through-Russia" incident was reduced, the U.S. policy toward Russia could change rapidly. The exchange of visits between the Russian and US foreign ministers from April 2017 to May has released a positive signal of compromise and cooperation between the United States and Russia on the issue of Syria and Ukraine. Before the Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov's visit to the United States, Trump suddenly announced the release of the FBI director Komi job, cut off the "tong-Russia" incident to carry out a continuing investigation of the biggest pushing hands. This was in conjunction with Mr. Lavrov's visit to meet Putin in July 2017 at the G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany to create conditions. In addition, U.S. Secretary of State Tillerson was Exxon Mobil's chairman and chief executive, holding a large share of the company. After the Russian sanctions began, Exxon could not continue to exploit Siberian oil and gas, losing as much as $1 billion. The Russians have expressed "cautious optimism" about Trump's meeting with Lavrov, as the United States fired 59 Tomahawk-type cruise missiles at Syrian government forces on April 6 after a recent chemical attack in Syria. Nevertheless, the political parties have unleashed a desire to improve relations.

Germany has sniffed at a possible easing of relations between the US and Russia, and Ms Merkel's meeting with Mr. Putin is in effect an ice-breaker for German-Russian relations. Even if the US-Russia relationship does not have the expected easing, Ms Merkel is harmless to Germany, after all, for years, Germany has been a middleman and mediator between the US and Russia. The role of Germany's diplomatic mediation is also respected by both the United States and Russia: Germany's push for a Minsk pact during the Ukrainian crisis, with the former German foreign Minister Steinmeier and the U.S. and Russian foreign minister holding several talks within the U.N. Security Council.

Germany has always pursued a "link with values, a policy of interest-oriented diplomacy", in dealing with relations with Russia. Germany's foreign policy is not lack of western values such as democracy and human rights, but whether it is the "enlightened realism" diplomatic idea advocated by the incumbent German President Steinmeier or the role orientation of the academic circles to the German "trade country" is closely related to the real state interests. For a long time, Germany's policy on Russia has a basic principle, that is, Europe's security and stability needs Russia's participation, can not exclude Russia from the outside and even confrontation. As a result, Germany has been Russia's most important partner in the west before the Ukrainian crisis. In the Ukraine crisis, Germany in the United States, Eastern Europe and the Baltic States and Russia in the mediation between the "strong and dialogue with the dual strategy." How to implement the Minsk agreement became Russia's most irreconcilable disagreement with the entire West, including Germany.

Germany's pragmatic foreign policy towards Russia is closely related to the close economic and trade relations between Russia and Germany, and economic sanctions have brought great losses to both Germany and Russia. Germany's 35% of natural gas and 40% of crude oil imported from Russia in 2013, up to 6,200 in Russia and Germany, and about 400,000 jobs related to Russia's exports. Germany's exports to Russia declined by 14% after the sanctions. The Baltic and Eastern European countries are two to three times as likely to import gas from Russia as Germany, but the pressure on Germany is much higher than in eastern European countries such as Poland and Bulgaria, and the EU's energy independence plan is hard to reach in the medium term. In addition, the EU sanctions against Russia did not reach the expected target of the United States and Europe, but also to make the Russians more united, even in the currency devaluation and the economic downturn has generally supported Mr Putin's hard-line policy towards Europe. Europeans also underestimate Russia's uncompromising resolve and its resistance to the Syrian issue.

In addition, the German political, economic and social attitude towards Russia has always been not unified. German politics is divided into "pro-Russian" and "anti-Russian faction". Former prime minister Helmut Kohl and Schmidt all believe that Germany's suspicion of Russia is too heavy, is the European Union took the lead over Ukraine, Russia and Europe between the "buffer zone" "Red Line." Germany's former foreign minister and current president Steinmeier advocated communication and negotiations with Russia, taking into account the interests of both sides to avoid further alienation between Russia and Europe. The current chancellor, Angela Merkel and former president Gork, are more distrustful of Russia, and defense Minister Feng Dellein advocates NATO's military presence in the Eastern European border. Germany's economic sector is more worried about the Russian sanctions will lead to the end of the war, that easing or ending sanctions more in line with the interests of German enterprises. In the same way as in politics, the German people's impression of Russia has been split in recent years. At the beginning of 2016, the proportion of people who believed that Germany and Russia were allies or strategic and economic partners was 42%, roughly the same as the 43% per cent ratio between Russia as a German strategy and an economic competitor or even an enemy. But Germans are clearly more flexible on the issue of sanctions against Russia than Americans. The US Pew show that nearly 60% of Americans believe the U.S. and European economic sanctions against Russia are not tough enough, while 30% of Germans think the sanctions are too tough, and 35% of Germans think the sanctions are appropriate.

Finally, Germany's pragmatic foreign policy is related to Germany's strategic layout in the relations between China, America and Russia. If the United States eases its policy towards Russia, Germany is likely to actively promote Russia's return to the G7, thaw Russia-NATO cooperation and restore cooperation between Russia and the West in international institutions such as the OSCE, and get rid of the isolation policy of Russia, which will help underline Germany's EU leadership and willingness to assume international responsibility. At present, the United States and Europe have been aware of years of sanctions against Russia not only failed to achieve the expected results, but also prompted Russia to strengthen cooperation with China, which led to the U.S. began to consider easing relations with Russia. Even though German politicians and academics mostly see Trump as a challenger to the western order, the German government still expects to co-operate with the United States on security matters in the short and medium term. The positive turn of relations between the United States and Russia will be the best chance for the German-Russian relations to turn. Even if Germany and Russia face the challenges of Ukraine and Syria, the German political circles have maintained exchanges and dialogue with Russia, the high-level contacts between the two sides also for Germany's policy on Russia's flexible change opened up leeway. But it should also be seen that Russia still has a huge controversy with Europe and the United States on Ukraine's important security interests, which will also constitute a major obstacle to the transfer of relations between Germany and Russia.

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