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下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Tocqueville's thought of democracy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了托克维尔的民主思想。托克维尔是19世纪法国著名的政治思想家，其对民主原则的政治理论在西方自由主义发展史上享有盛名。托克维尔与他同时代的其他思想家与众不同的独特之处在于他对贵族制和民主制所保持的那种价值中立。谈到民主问题时，托克维尔认为民主不单纯是人民的权力，也不是单纯的多数原则，更不是没有限定词的多数统治，而是一种受到特定限制的有限多数原则。

Tocqueville was the famous political thinker of France in the 19th century, and he was famous for the development of Western liberal doctrine because of the new political theory of democratic principle. Tocqueville's political thought has been popular since the Second World War, and has become the focus of Western academic research. In the process of the development of modern society, it is more and more clear that Tocqueville's theory of democracy is invaluable to the democratic legal system construction of the contemporary country. His judgments, visions and visions of a democratic society more than 100 years ago are still of great theoretical and practical significance to the modern society, which is worth studying and studying deeply.

In the introduction to American democracy, Tocqueville wrote, "Therefore, the progressive development of identity equality is a matter of necessity and Providence." The main characteristic of this development is that it is universal and enduring, that it is free from human obstruction all the time, and that all things and all people are helping it to move forward. ...... The book that you are about to read is written in a mood of fear of God's punishment. The author of this mood is because he saw that the irresistible revolution has broken through all the obstacles for many centuries, and today is still in the ruins of its cause to advance. "By Tocqueville's opening remarks, we can clearly understand his belief that the movement towards identity equality is an irresistible God's will."

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In the further elaboration of American democracy, he believes that in the democratic era, the dominant passion is the love of identity equality, the Democratic People's love for identity overwhelmed all other feelings, even more than the love of freedom. "All life and equality" is regarded as self-evident truth, while others, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, as universal rights derive from this basic truth. What he says about equality can also be a fanatical form of jealousy and greed. His Democratic society, described in the democracy of the United States, even if it achieves extreme equality, intellectual inequality will remain one of the ultimate remnants of the weary old system. People in the democratic era will not tolerate any privilege, whatever the basis of these privileges. In a democratic system it is inevitable that the equality of identity dominates, but in real life it is impossible to claim equality between people, and the success of democracy lies in giving equal feeling to citizens in many spheres in fact unequal. The generalization of this sense of equality leads to personal extreme conceit, producing "individualistic" newcomers. But the future of this newcomer will converge. Thus, there is an intrinsic link between the emancipation and oppression of equality, the trend of creation and destruction, which shows us the diversity of democratic prospects.

At the end of American democracy, Tocqueville expressed the unease that modern nations will not be able to make their identities unequal at home. But equality would lead to slavery or to freedom, leading to civilization or to barbarism, to prosperity or to poverty, and to all nations themselves. He was so disturbed by the emergence of a "newcomer" in a democratic society, which differed from the past and possessed a new individualistic character. Tocqueville considered "individualism" to be a key feature of a democratic society. He wrote: "Individualism is the product of democracy and develops with the expansion of identity equality." "Contrary to the aristocratic society, which binds people organically into a vast network, individualism in the democratic system makes citizens more and more alike and lonelier, so that they become increasingly indifferent to public affairs." Because "individualism is a kind of emotion that only cares for oneself, it makes each citizen separate from his compatriots, estranged from relatives and friends."

Therefore, when each citizen has established his own small society, they do not care about the big society and let it develop themselves. "In such a democratic society, everyone is an independent body, but also an isolated subject." After the breakdown of the hierarchy, liberation enthusiasm gave birth to a desire to get rid of all social ties. Social connections seem to constitute a violation of each individual's sense of freedom, and each is a small cosmic center in which the individual is totally addicted to his own small world, ignoring the insights of the larger society. Tocqueville thought that "egoism can make the seedlings of all virtues wither, and individualism will first cause the fountain of social morality to dry up, but over time, individualism will attack and destroy all other virtues, and finally become egoism". This "individualism" is an error in requiring only the right to independence and equality without fulfilling the obligations of citizens. Once this "individualism" epidemic will be accompanied by a tendency: a desire for welfare and material life, a concern for individual interests and a disregard for public interest, and a tendency towards common mediocrity.

What distinguishes Tocqueville from the other thinkers of his time is the value neutrality he maintains for aristocratic and democratic systems. As an orthodox, he always has a heartfelt admiration for the aristocracy, and he has no passion for democracy in his nature, because democracy has no passion for his pursuit of freedom, nobility and great nature. Although he acknowledged the legitimacy of democracy, his practical attitude towards democracy was hesitant, ambiguous and contradictory, fearing that democracy would forsake all the virtues of aristocratic society. The contradiction and complexity of this kind of thought determines that his acceptance of democracy is "the combination of rationality and necessity, and not the combination of rationality and hobby".

For Tocqueville, he inherits the liberal idea of aristocratic society, and regards freedom as a kind of interest, does not have or does not attach any utilitarian purpose, the pursuit of freedom is for freedom itself. It is with this passion of freedom, he has devoted his life to actively seeking the reconstruction of human freedom, no matter what difficulties and hardships will not make him easily give up his freedom of faith, because the love of freedom has been throughout his life of thought and action, and in his view, love of freedom itself is to "go through hardships "To pursue the good." As Tocqueville himself said: "I think and always think that freedom is the first good." I still regard it as one of the most abundant resources of fortitude and great action. No matter how many blessings calm, can not let me abandon it.

When it comes to democracy, Tocqueville believes that democracy is not simply the power of the people, nor is it a simple majority principle, nor is it a majority rule without qualifying words, but a limited majority principle subject to specific restrictions. If it were divorced from the principle of the limitation of democracy and succumbed to the principle of absolute majority, Tocqueville's most feared "majority tyranny" problem would arise. In his opinion, the principle of democratic work is a limited majority rule, most of which have the power to govern or to decide state affairs, but most do not have the power to suppress individual freedom, and the minority should be allowed to have the right to political expression, since only respect and protection of the rights of minorities can uphold the power and mechanism of democracy Once the majority of the excessive use of their power, the freedom of the minority is not respected, the system itself is no longer the role of democracy. So Tocqueville is more concerned not with the tyranny of the few, but with the majority despotism in some sense.

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