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下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The idea of American college students' financial aid，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国大学生的资助理念。美国最早出现的大学生资助理念，与欧洲一样，也来自民间的慈善与宗教，慈善与宗教的资助理念最初流行于殖民时代的新英格兰及广大的东部地区。如今，美国经历了全球化的经济危机，经济陷入了严重的衰退时期，教育质量下降和财政紧缩的要求，使社会和国会重新思考大学生的资助政策。

The diversified funding mode of the United States has become a model for other countries to learn from, and it is necessary to study the internal thoughts supporting the funding policy mode of the United States. This is of great significance for the formulation of university student funding policies that are in line with the international development trend and national conditions, conducive to the development of higher education, social equity and social development.

The development of higher education in the United States has a history of more than 300 years, but the formation of federal government funding policy in the United States is only the last 30 years. However, the funding policies of the us government contain many ideas and practices that have appeared in history. Therefore, it is necessary to start from scratch in the study of the funding concepts of college students.

The earliest idea of college student funding in the United States, like that in Europe, also came from the folk "charity" and "religion". The idea of charity and religion funding was first popular in colonial New England and the vast eastern region. In 1636, a group of puritans who immigrated to New England founded harvard college, the first university in the new world, with the support of the local government and the church. The purpose of running a university was to train service personnel for the church and the government. They believed that the fundamental purpose of higher education was to train qualified priests to support students and spread religion with charity. According to American scholars, the first education scholarship in the United States was established at harvard college by your wife Anne Morrison. To this day, this concept is still an important pillar of the financial aid for college students in the United States, and it is still the basic motivation for private fund-raising and financial aid for students. According to the research, from 1989 to 1990, various private and charitable organizations provided various kinds of financial aid to college students in the United States, which amounted to 3.2073 billion yuan. After the independence of the United States, a new concept of financial aid first emerged in the eastern and western states, which is the idea of "supporting poor students and cultivating elites for the national interest". The earliest advocate of this idea was Thomas Jefferson, the author of the American declaration of independence. Jefferson, who proposed the education for gifted and moral people to help defend the sacred rights and happiness of their fellow citizens, founded the state university of Virginia, and designed an elaborate student selection and funding program. But Jefferson's education idea at the time and didn't get the congress and the American people understand that this is because the time of the American constitution "education rights in the state," the federal government for a long time very little intervention of higher education, in 1957, the Soviet satellite, U.S. government shocked, also changed the federal government is not involved in the practice of higher education, then introduced the famous American of the national defense education law, a clear mandate the federal government funding support for higher education, funding for college students. According to this law, the federal government established the "national defense loans" and "national defence fellowship", the national defense education law promulgated, not only reflected the concept for the interests of the state funding for students, but also has provided a legal basis for the federal government funding for college students, to form the legal arrangement through annual funding, funding students "precedent".

"Human capital investment" and "promoting equal opportunities in higher education" funding concepts. In the 1950 s, the famous American economist schultz and baker and others with different method to determine the education for the important role in the national economy growth, put forward that education is a kind of human capital investment, think it is higher than other physical capital investment rate of return of investment, which is more important. 60 s a huge "the civil rights movement" from little rock, the movement makes again strongly aware of the American people and American society all aspects of life still exist serious inequality, "is an equal opportunity for higher education" has become a part of the civil rights movement, the movement prompted President Johnson proposed the construction of "great society" and "declares war on poverty" plan. In "human capital investment" and under the pressure of the civil rights movement, the United States congress finally passed in 1965 to promote equal opportunity of the higher education law, the law has the milestone significance in American college student aid career, he authorized in the federal government to continue to provide loans "defense" at the same time, set up a "education opportunity grants", "national guarantee loans" and "school work-study opportunities", providing a variety of ways of government funding, the plan constitutes the framework of the mixed pattern.

The funding concept of "freedom of choice". It is a controversial idea that allows middle-class families and private universities to receive government funding. The middle-income family assistance act, passed in 1978, on the grounds of "giving schools and parents the right and freedom to choose schools", proposed the idea of providing financial assistance to middle-class children entering private universities. The main measure was to increase the upper limit of applying for "education opportunity grant". Restrictions on the investigation of family financial status of students who apply for state-guaranteed student loans will be lifted so that all students who wish to apply for state-guaranteed student loans can obtain such loans. At the same time, the chances of middle-class children attending expensive schools getting government scholarships and low-interest loans have also increased greatly. Some scholars pointed out that the concept of part of the us federal funding into private universities, will weaken the foundation of public education, but other scholars believe that private universities cultivate out is also a social talents, through the student financial assistance can be thought of as inflows into private university society pay service charge to them, should also be uncontroversial.

"Cost sharing concept". In the 1980s, the United States experienced the economic crisis of globalization, and the economy fell into a severe recession. The decline of education quality and the requirement of fiscal austerity made the society and congress rethink the subsidy policy for college students. In this context, education economist John put forward the theory of "cost sharing". He believed that taxpayers, universities, enterprises, families and students should share the cost of higher education, and the cost that parents could not afford could be solved by government and university subsidies for college students. Influenced by this funding concept, a social appeal to employers to pay for higher education has been put on the agenda. In the United States, employers and enterprises also provide a large number of scholarships and bursaries for college students through charitable organizations, which have become an important part of the cause of college students' financial aid in the United States.

By we can see that on the college student aid policy of the United States is a contained different philosophy, a combination of a mixture of various financing methods, and however, it is not completely exclude certain ideas easily, make a steady stream of funds from various channels into college students funded enterprise, make all kinds of need, or should be funded students received funding, make the gross enrollment ratio of higher education by more than 60%. Formed the current United States has two bursaries, four student loans, a campus work-study, and a similar to the campus work-study social services education funding program.

The idea of American college students' financial aid has its deep ideological roots. It is of great significance for us to understand and learn from the American financial aid policies to dig out the ideological roots.

In terms of politics, first of all, the state selects outstanding talents through funding higher education, enriches national institutions and solidifies national rule. As mentioned above, the concept of "religion", universities were established in medieval Europe to educate and train service personnel for the government. Jefferson also discussed the necessity of providing education public expense for college students from the perspective of national interests and people's welfare. Obviously, he claimed that the so-called international interests and people's welfare refers to the new bourgeois countries and regimes. Since then, the national defense education act promulgated by the United States has clearly pointed out that the federal government funds college students because the national defense needs modern science and technology and knowledge, which cannot be separated from human resources. Therefore, it must ensure that no talented students lose the opportunity of higher education due to economic difficulties. The "policy statement" section of the defense education act also had the same internal logic and expression as Jefferson's bill, except that it changed the administration of law enforcement to protect national defense. The national defense education act not only fully embodies the idea of funding students for the national interest, but also provides a legal basis for the federal government to fund college students, forming a "precedent" of arranging federal annual funding for students through law. Secondly, the state funds the students in difficulty for the sake of social stability. As an important tool for social stratification, higher education has always been an important goal for people to achieve social mobility. Since modern times, the pursuit of education equality of opportunity has become an important goal of the bourgeois revolution. Scholars believe that there are many reasons to pursue education equality of opportunity, but the most important is that people realize that, for most people, education plays an irreplaceable role in individual social mobility, especially individual upward social mobility. The upward mobility of individuals in the social class is closely related to improving social status, increasing economic income, engaging in specific professional activities, enjoying cultural education, etc., which has become an important part of human pursuit of happiness. Since everyone should have the equal right to pursue happiness, education equality of opportunity should become a basic human right and the cornerstone of the government's education development policy. In the 1960s, the huge civil rights movement prompted the government to take practical measures to promote equal opportunity in education. Therefore, government funding has become an important measure to promote education equality of opportunity and social stability.

In terms of economy, firstly, the state takes education subsidy for college students as a means of economic development. This idea comes from the theory of human capital. The theory holds that education contributes directly to economic development, higher education investment is an investment with direct returns, and individual reading is more social activities. In 1960, the famous American economist schur this published "the human capital investment", expounded theoretically formed by education investment of human capital to improve labor productivity, increase the importance of national income, making human capital became the various countries' education can not be ignored in the process of decision factors, become a powerful state funding for students and society to the basic reason. Therefore, giving financial aid to students in financial difficulties is a part of national investment, which has a far-reaching impact on the world. At this time, the forms of financial aid are mainly in the form of bursaries, scholarships and other forms that do not need to be repaid, ranging from tuition fees to living expenses. However, after the 1980s, this idea was criticized. Some people proposed that the biggest beneficiary of higher education was individuals, which formed the development trend of free funding to paid funding. The other is to guide talent training and supply and demand so as to meet the needs of national economic development, such as the national defense scholarships and student loans of the United States.

Social organizations or individuals provide financial assistance to college students, some of which are required for a cultural purpose: one is that higher education is a kind of social welfare cause, and funding college students is a kind of social public welfare activity, which is a way to realize the social value of organizations or individuals and return to the society. The other is that it is a kind of "charity" activity or a religious act to sponsor college students, through which a group or individual's value is reflected and then transmitted. In the process of the formation of modern universities in the world, the church has played a great role in promoting the formation of many universities. Third, some enterprises regard subsidizing college students as an effective way to attract excellent college students to work in their own enterprises, improve the quality of employees and enhance the market competitiveness of enterprises. Fourth, to make organizations or individuals famous and expand social influence. Contemporary idea of "charity", also not necessarily accompany with "religion", in big business, big, behind the support of wealthy people can think of is "advertising" and "expression", even "rather than pay taxes to do good", these ideas are seldom appeared in the literature of academia and government, however, through the government to formulate laws to encourage the "duty free" industrialists, richest college students, is indeed a U.S. private sector developed one of the basic causes and conditions, through the legal system, private funding for college students, also became the part of the nation's aid policy.

It can be seen from the above that the idea of subsidy is the product of social development in a certain era and at a certain level, which reflects people's grasp of social economy and development requirements of higher education in various periods. Only when we have a deeper understanding of the people of various historical periods and their socio-economic life can we see the historical limitations of the principles. Usually funding concept according to the interest points can be divided into two categories, one kind is to the interests of the recipients concept, such as "charity", "equal", "equal opportunity", and another kind is pointing in the direction of the concept of social interests, such as: "religion", "national interest", "human capital investment" these more reflects the college students funded social goals. Given that funding comes from society, the idea of funder orientation and the idea of social interest orientation, in the United States it's a pairing. In the United States, the generation of new funding ideas always occupies the central position of influencing decision-making, but the old ideas do not necessarily disappear completely, just no longer occupy the central position, but reach some integration with the new ideas. For example: "national interest" of political and economic amalgamation of "human capital investment", the ancient concept of "charity" is still the personal and social financial aid to college students starting point, and so on, in the United States this kind of diversified funding concept for funding the increase of the diversification of the sources of funds, for ZiZhuMian expand, for the increase of the beneficiary, due to the country's economic and political development to have the effect that cannot ignore. Our country's financial aid is still in the initial stage, many aspects are not perfect, so it is very important to learn from some successful experience of the United States in financial aid. For example, we should include the idea of multi-faceted financial aid, build a multi-level financial aid system, give full play to the macro-control functions of the government, cultivate a social security system for financial aid, clarify the responsibilities of schools, and improve the implementation of financial aid. All these are worthy of the reference of Chinese education scholars. I believe that China's subsidy policy will become more and more perfect soon.

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