Emotional labor in black tourism－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Emotional labor in black tourism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了黑色旅游中的情绪劳动。黑色旅游作为目前越来越多游客的选择，其劳动者作为服务业人员具有情绪劳动这一非典型劳动形式，但同时黑色旅游的特殊性使其劳动者情绪劳动更加复杂。情绪劳动中的女性占据绝对优势，女性特质更符合人们对情绪劳动的期待，这种性别特质的期待甚至超过了对其职业身份的期待。

As the choice of more and more tourists at present, the workers of black tourism, as service workers, have emotional labor, an atypical form of labor, but at the same time, the particularity of black tourism makes the emotional labor of its workers more complicated.

The place of natural or man-made death, disaster, atrocity, pain, tragedy, terrorist event, etc., is not only a memorable place, but also a tourist attraction. Such "black tourism" has gradually become the choice of more and more tourists. Foreign countries such as New Orleans "katrina disaster tour", Germany wall, ground zero and so on. The auschwitz-birkenau tourist attraction in Poland received about 1.2 million visitors in 2007, and New York's zero zone attracted 3.5 million, making it one of New York's top 10 tourist attractions. In China, such as nanjing massacre memorial hall, yuanmingyuan ruins, chongqing refuse pit, etc., but the real rise of black tourism came after the wenchuan earthquake in 2008. Yingxiu town, the epicenter of the wenchuan earthquake, received 2.56 million tourists in 2017 and increased to 3 million in 2018. The boom has brought with it more and more discussion and controversy, as well as more and more revenue.

Although the phenomenon of black tourism has a long history, it was not until the early 1990s that western scholars began to pay more and more attention to this field, and a series of terms such as black scenic spots and sick tourism appeared successively to define and describe this phenomenon. But because these concepts are not broad enough to express accurate, always can not be universally recognized. It was not until 1996 that scholars lennon and fleur formally proposed "black tourism", which extended the scope of black tourism destinations to "the real places of commercial death or disaster".

However, emotional labor was formally put forward by the sociologist hochschild in 1983. He believed that emotional labor is a series of conscious self-emotion control and display by employees in order to meet the work requirements of the organization. It is a complex and dynamic psychological process, which is often seen in service industry labor. As one of the service industries, the emotional labor of tour guides is characterized by various working conditions. Due to the diversity of tourist sources, tour guides need to change their roles for different types of tourists, so as to adopt diversified emotional matching and meet the emotional requirements of different tourists. The work is highly interactive and has a strong correlation with tourists at the emotional level. Their moods changed significantly with the days of the tour, with 58 percent of tour guides reporting frequent fatigue, anxiety, irritability and irritability.

However, the emotional labor of the black tour guides is very different from the ordinary guides mentioned above. The author believes that the particularity of black tourism itself complicates the emotional labor of its guides. In general, the emotional labor of tour guides requires them to suppress and cover up their private emotions, and rebuild their positive emotions in line with the expectations of workers and customers. Black tour guides, on the other hand, introduce heavy memories of suffering to tourists every day. Many of them are even the suffering they have experienced personally, which is a strong negative emotion. So how do they balance these two emotions, how do they perform this emotional labor through acting? The particularity and complexity of this kind of emotional labor is the significance and focus of this paper.

When it comes to emotional labor, it is inevitable for emotional labor to play, and different industries and different individuals play emotional labor differently. According to the psychological process of emotional labor, hawkhild divides emotional labor into two strategic forms: surface acting and deep acting, among which deep acting can be divided into natural acting, namely active deep acting and deep acting, namely passive deep acting.

Surface acting usually requires workers to suppress their inner true emotions and "deduce" them according to job requirements. Internal and external emotional perception and performance, will lead to emotional cognitive dissonance workers, fatigue, negative impact on the work. Deep performance while also "play", but because the individual psychological adjustment process of reprocessing of emotion, the external and internal cognitive expression form, reduce the depletion of emotion, relieve the individual negative emotions, feelings, in the face of the customer can make each other feel sincerity, to a certain extent can increase customers' consumption behavior. Compared with the surface performance of fatigue and the deep performance of expression after processing, natural performance is the most authentic expression of emotion. "if I say yes" shows the real emotions and feelings, and the inner feelings of workers are completely consistent with the external expressions.

More than talk about the three levels of play, ordinary tour often involves surface only play, such as "guide mood graph", the results showed that longer-term tour starting from the mid has the lowest score mood, often appear tired, be agitated, depressed mood, job burnout, and to the team before the end of the period, have mild recovery situation slightly better. This kind of "capitalized" tour guide labor often shows obvious surface performance. However, the surface acting of yingxiu tour guides is completely opposite to that of ordinary tour guides. In most cases, the surface acting is deep acting, while the surface acting is rarely seen. In some special cases, such as being touched by some "weird" tourists, the tour guides ask about the suffering of their own homes in the earthquake. Xiao hui: "sometimes the guest can ask you some very peculiar question, for example he ask you how many in the home dead, dead a few people, sometimes still can have a little sad..." Or some other remarks that do not respect the victims of the disaster area, in serious cases, it will lead to fierce conflicts between tour guides and tourists. The small hui: "... Or they will say you or the people enjoy the good, now repair so good... I heard that some tourists said that you this scenic spot charges fees, when the earthquake when we donated so much money you are still charged money, when the reception of the tour guide is angry with him to fight..."

Under such special circumstances, the tour guides will have emotions contrary to the requirements of the company, and they will have different emotional perceptions inside and outside. However, most of the tour guides will choose to suppress their emotions and continue to work, speak out the programmed responses and finish the work. Xiao hui: "at such a time, I would like to answer that 95 percent of yingxiu's families have been killed. I hope you can understand why they are reluctant to bring up their sorrow."

The situation in yingxiu is more similar to that of minority local guides in some ethnic areas. Such as in xuanen enshi tujia village minority women "" crying marriage ceremony performers research thinks, because the role of the performance character and life crying marriage fit degree is high, the performing mechanism of familiar and identity, which is a kind of" deep acting ", its labor while also experience emotions mining, but the mood mineral deposits in the life, endless, won't appear emotional exhaustion.

Tour guides in yingxiu show a higher level of "deep acting". Among them, active acting, that is, natural acting, the author believes that such expression of true feelings accounts for a small proportion, but the most can touch the tourists, tourists out of empathy to produce more consumption behavior. Yingxiu guide as the wenchuan earthquake survivors, they experience the epicenter of the devastating pain, moved across the country to aid earthquake reconstruction, so in the face of the tour guide company must be seriously heavy, such as when the earthquake occurred in the interpretation of the emotional tone is slowing, proud to explain in detail the construction of new town, the high tone requirements, such as emotional fit is very high, often combined with their own experience to visitors, internal experience and external expression. Xiao hui: "the earthquake has been emotional is very heavy, sometimes also suddenly think of my lost family... Speaking of the new city is to speak of pride, post-disaster reconstruction is yingxiu town, the world's great miracle!" However, this kind of natural acting also has disadvantages. It is also easy for tour guides to lose control of grief and emotion in the face of earthquake scenes at the beginning of their work, which will affect tourists' experience and work performance. However, it has been 10 years since the earthquake in yingxiu town, and such situation has never happened again. Small hui: "that is before, listen to before dry drop time longer drop elder sister once said... It's been 10 years now, and it's too late..."

The author thinks that passive deep acting accounts for more, which involves another important concept "the reconstruction of collective memory". Habwach, the inventor of collective memory, defined it as "the process and result of the sharing of the past by members of a specific social group, and the condition to ensure the continuity of collective memory is the need to extract the continuity of the memory through social interaction and group consciousness". Collective memory is divided into three orientations: collective, official and folk. Believes that the official memory orientation manipulates the public concept of history through mass media, education system, mainstream art, public commemoration, and the official chronicle commission. But I think this kind of manipulation, for the residents of yingxiu town, is not a bad thing.

The official media's disaster records of the wenchuan earthquake are inseparable from the theme of "earthquake relief", which is to carry forward the spirit of earthquake relief, show the content of post-disaster reconstruction and embody the image of the spirit of courage, positive guidance and cohesion of the people. The government also demonstrates the power of the state with a variety of public ceremonies, turning mourning ceremonies with individual memory into mourning ceremonies with collective memory, conveying the solidified impression of the earthquake and promoting national identity. The reconstruction of the collective memory of the wenchuan earthquake by local residents of yingxiu town has played a powerful role in dispelling the individual's earthquake memory, which has weakened the individual's pain, and replaced the memories and emotions of patriotism, positive endeavor, love for life, cherish family and so on.

The official reconstruction of the disaster memory, at the same time, yingxiu's tour guide company will guide the emotional labor and organizational behavior of the connection, asked the guide to represent yingxiu's first business card, with a positive post-disaster reconstruction face to customers, and convey these positive energy to tourists. Under the influence of various aspects, tour guides will gradually recognize and believe these things. At the same time, it will be repeatedly consolidated in the process of conveying these information to tourists, and eventually become the extremely loyal "believers", who will tell each other and form a deep acting. In my interview, "great love in the world", "motherland", "family", "tomorrow", "ahead", "life", "cherish", "earthquake relief" and other words appear frequently. Xiao hui: "in this disaster there are many people like us, lost too much too much, but we firmly believe there must be a better tomorrow. I know my way is in front of me, not behind me... We are Chinese behind the strong motherland, the spirit of earthquake relief belongs to the whole Chinese nation... Life is very fragile, but also very precious, cherish everything now..."

Under the impact of the collective memory of official narration and organizational behavior on individual memory, the guide plays a deep role in adjusting the individual's disaster and sadness emotion and gradually recognizing the positive energy emotion. Although the external performance and natural acting are exactly the same, but the author through the above analysis of the production process, that he belongs to the passive deep acting.

As a special kind of emotional labor group, the black tourist guide has the characteristics of playing multiple roles, which is more complex than the emotional labor existing in the general service workers, and plays a completely opposite level. It is manifested as the deep acting in daily work, and the surface acting in special few cases. It is difficult to distinguish between natural acting in deep acting and passive acting in external performance, but through the analysis of guide acting process, it is very influenced by the positive energy of state-led narrative and organizational behavior, and passive acting is more dominant than natural acting. To sum up, the emotional labor of black tour guides is complicated, and the playing levels are passive deep acting, natural acting and surface acting.

However, women in emotional labor occupy an absolute advantage, and feminine characteristics are more in line with people's expectation of emotional labor, which even exceeds their expectation of professional identity. And the local tour guides in yingxiu town, the research object of this paper, are mostly female. Due to various research restrictions, this paper does not involve the emotional labor of tour guides from the gender perspective, which is a major defect of this study and the future research direction.

想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。