Essay代写：Britain's seamless accountability－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Britain's seamless accountability，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的无缝隙问责。行政问责制度的发展源于英国的责任内阁制实践。英国作为传统工业化较早的国家，在责任政府建设方面开创世界先河，形成了许多可资借鉴的成功经验，也是提出并构建问责无缝隙政府的典范。早在17世纪，英国政府在议会弹劾程序的基础上，建立了内阁责任制时代下的传统问责制，后经历了公民宪章运动、合作政府等诸多行政改革，逐步建立了无缝隙问责体系。

The UK is a world leader in the development of responsible government and a model of seamless accountability. The traditional British accountability system has some problems, such as gaps in subject, purpose and foundation. Then, it implemented the reform of accountability system to realize the major transformation from parliament to society, from punishment to performance, from lack of accountability basis to sound accountability basis. The enlightenment of British seamless accountability system design on China's policies is mainly to activate the accountability of the NPC and strive for diversified channels. Focus on result-oriented and performance accountability; We will consolidate the legal foundation and strengthen institutional safeguards.

The development of administrative accountability system originates from the British cabinet system of responsibility. As a country with an early history of traditional industrialization, Britain has set a world precedent in the construction of responsible government. It has formed many successful experience that can be used for reference, and it is also a model for proposing and building a seamless government of accountability. The accountability system in the modern sense originates from western developed countries. In the long-term practice, they have developed a complete and seamless accountability system centering on each link of the exercise of administrative power. As early as the 17th century, the British government established the traditional accountability system in the era of cabinet accountability on the basis of the parliamentary impeachment process. After the civil charter movement, cooperative government and other administrative reforms, it gradually established a seamless accountability system. This paper mainly examines the development process of British responsible government and accountability seamless, deeply analyzes its main characteristics, and then puts forward the main policy enlightenment for China to build a seamless responsible government and improve the government's governance ability.

The British cabinet is elected by the parliament and is responsible to the parliament. The parliament has the right to supervise and hold accountable the individual and collective members of the cabinet. When cabinet members have problems in policy direction, compliance with discipline and law and conduct, they need to accept parliamentary inquiry, investigation, impeachment, vote of no confidence and other forms of accountability, which may lead to the resignation of cabinet members or even the total resignation of the cabinet. These accountability forms constitute the cabinet responsibility age Britain's main traditional accountability mechanism, the specific operation form the following question refers to the members in parliament during the meeting, in view of the existing in the work of the government law, turnovers, difficult to understand the situation to the head of government or government senior officials question or inquiry and request a reply activity, is a way to parliament to supervise the government. In the British parliament, inquiry activities often take place, and the right of inquiry has become one of the most important powers used by the British parliament to supervise the government. Under the relevant provisions of the British constitution, the house of Commons has the right to question ministers and seek oral or written replies to administrative measures. The investigative power of the British parliament originated from the supervision of the financial power of the state since the 13th century. Since then, with the expansion of the functions of parliament, the investigative power of parliament has also developed into the right to investigate the illegal facts of government officials questioned and impeached to obtain evidence. Investigation is an important way for the parliament to supervise the government's actions. The exercise of the power of investigation by the parliament can make "the most arrogant monarch and government officials tremble under its investigation and must explain their own actions". There are also cases of impeached officials who have made mistakes due to the investigation. Impeachment is an activity that the parliament accuses and punishes government officials who violate the law and neglect their duties and investigate their legal responsibilities. Because lower-middle class officials can be punished through superior sanctions, impeachment is mainly targeted at senior government officials. The reasons for impeachment may be dereliction of duty or malfeasance of the impeached person, or the impeached person may have a lifestyle problem. A vote of no confidence, also known as a vote of no confidence, is a vote of no confidence in government policies and officials. When the parliament considers that members of the cabinet have committed illegal or dereliction of duty or policy mistakes, it can put forward a no-confidence case against the cabinet. If parliament passes a no-confidence vote, it will lead to the resignation of the cabinet. A no-confidence vote can test whether the government has sufficient support from parliament and effectively supervise the government through this process. However, the vote of no confidence has a significant impact and can only be activated if there is serious breach of law or dereliction of duty on the part of cabinet members or cabinet policy violates the law and needs to be corrected.

The accountability system in the era of cabinet accountability system not only includes the parliamentary accountability, but also includes the internal level accountability of administrative organs. Hierarchical accountability refers to the behavior that the higher administrative organ punishes the inaction and disorderly behavior existing in the work of the lower administrative organ in accordance with laws and regulations. Hierarchical accountability is the top-down accountability within the government, where the superior supervises and investigates the activities of the subordinate in exercising authority. Compared with parliamentary accountability, hierarchical accountability is the same type of accountability, which is difficult to guarantee impartiality. However, due to its universality and directness, it is also regarded as an important supplement to parliamentary accountability.

In practice, the accountability system in the era of cabinet responsibility system has the following shortcomings: the main body of accountability is only parliament and government, which neglects the majority of citizens' rights of accountability and responsibility, does not emphasize the consciousness of citizen subject, and is not a comprehensive accountability; The purpose of accountability is mainly to punish officials who have made mistakes. Accountability often results from the resignation of officials or even the total resignation of the cabinet, but fails to consider whether the accountability provides better public services for the public. It is not constructive accountability. The foundation of accountability is a small number of accountability laws and the emerging culture of accountability, the foundation is not solid. In a word, this accountability system is a "gap" accountability system with gaps in the main body, purpose and foundation.

In response to the "gap" accountability system mentioned above, the British government has implemented many reform plans for the accountability system, and gradually established a seamless accountability system that is supervised by the whole society, constructive and has a solid legal basis.

Paying attention to civic consciousness and carrying out social accountability are the most important differences between the seamless accountability system and the traditional accountability system in contemporary Britain. In the traditional British accountability system, the main mode of accountability is the parliament's accountability to the cabinet and the minister's accountability to the civil servants. There are few ways for citizens to hold themselves accountable. However, all rights of the state belong to the people. The effective functioning of government should be judged by all the people in the country, not just by the parliament. With the development of British democracy, the government has become more and more aware of the importance of citizen accountability. In 1991, major's government launched the famous "citizen charter movement", which made public the contents, standards and responsibilities of government public sector services in the form of charter, accepted public supervision, and achieved the purpose of improving service level and quality, greatly expanding the subject of administrative accountability. Its convenient complaint channel, accepts the application process, clear service commitments and reasonable compensation standard for citizen participation, social asked obliged as the main body of accountability mode, the traditional accountability to parliament developed as predominantly social accountability include parliamentary accountability, accountability, internal administrative tribunal of accountability, media accountability system. Pluralistic accountability, especially social accountability, ensures the directness and universality of accountability and is an important feature of seamless accountability in contemporary Britain.

In the traditional British accountability system in the era of cabinet responsibility system, administrative accountability is mostly the result of the resignation of officials or even the resignation of cabinet. There are huge gaps in the traditional British accountability system that aims at punishment rather than performance. In 1979, with Margaret thatcher as prime minister, the British government began the vigorous "new public management movement". The 1988 "next action programme" proposed the establishment of "implementing agencies" within the ministries of the central government to implement departmental policies and provide public services. The effective implementation of the "next action plan" requires that the size and performance of government agencies should perform their administrative responsibilities within the policy framework formulated by the central ministries and commissions, and strengthen the administrative accountability of all government agencies. Hold responsible ministers accountable for public policy mistakes; Hold enforcement agencies accountable when service quality is poor. The "next action plan" achieves the separation of decision-making responsibility and public service responsibility, and lays a good foundation for the establishment of seamless accountability system in the UK. In 1990, major government shifted the focus of public sector performance management to the quality of public services and began to pay attention to the establishment of partnership between government and society. On the one hand, competent ministers sign cooperation agreements with the heads of executing agencies. The cooperation agreement clearly stipulates the responsibilities and powers of both parties as well as the quality and standard of public services provided by the executing agencies. When the executing agency fails to meet the standards set forth in the agreement, it will be subject to administrative accountability and punishment. This performance-based administrative accountability program replaces the previous punishment-oriented administrative accountability program, improves the efficiency of public services and protects the legitimate interests of the public. On the other hand, the British government understands the rational needs of the public from the aspects of economy, efficiency and efficiency through the "best value model", so as to determine the service objectives, compare the capabilities and performance of each service provider and select the right one to act as the executing agency, so as to make the performance assessment closer to the public. In 1997, the Blair government put forward the concept of "cooperative government", aiming at uniting various government departments and private institutions to provide better services to the public across organizational boundaries. The "cooperative government" pays more attention to performance accountability and integrates performance guidance into the individual evaluation system of civil servants, so as to cultivate the ethical spirit and core values of civil servants. The purpose of administrative accountability in Britain has gradually moved from punishing officials to better serving the public, which makes up for the gap in the purpose of administrative accountability and becomes an important part of seamless administrative accountability in contemporary Britain. Seamless administrative accountability is a systematic project, which needs fair and strict laws as the system support. The British government in the process of practice to push forward the reform of administrative accountability, enrich the related law, formed a set of sound legal system, administrative accountability for accountability subject, accountability object, accountability procedures, scope of accountability, accountability standards made specific provision, effectively avoid the "discretionary" accountability, as a result of the difference of the result. In 1853, the British government promulgated a set of civil service system with modern significance. Its strictness and rationality played an important role in the establishment of seamless administrative accountability system in Britain. In 1906, the British government enacted the corruption prevention act, which clearly defined the concept of unclear source of property and its sentencing provisions, effectively preventing and punishing corruption caused by abuse of power by government staff. In 1916, the British government amended the law to extend its scope of application to all local public institutions, effectively bridging the gap in administrative accountability of the original law. In 1947, the British parliament passed the royal procedure law, which made up for the legal gap that the British king was not held accountable for a long time. It stipulated that the British king, like ordinary citizens, had no legal immunity. In 2011, the anti-bribery act enacted by the British government came into force. The act provides severe punishment for those who commit bribery and take bribes, with a maximum of 10 years' imprisonment and fines. It has been called as "the strictest anti-corruption law in the world". In the process of practice, the relevant laws of administrative accountability in the UK have been gradually improved from lack to perfection, which has effectively filled the gaps in the laws of administrative accountability.

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