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下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Western marxist ideology theory，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了西方马克思主义意识形态理论。西方马克思主义意识形态理论将经典马克思主义理论与西方社会实际相结合，重点讨论了意识形态的概念与作用、意识形态的阶级性与虚假性、意识形态与工具理性等方面的内容。但是西方马克思主义在具体的研究过程中也存在背离马克思主义基本原理，过分夸大意识形态的反作用等问题。

Western marxist ideology theory combines classical marxist theory with western social practice, focusing on the concept and function of ideology, the class and falsity of ideology, ideology and instrumental rationality. However, there are also some problems in the specific research of western marxism, such as deviating from the basic principles of marxism and exaggerating the reaction of ideology. It is of great enlightenment to the development of marxist theory and the ideological work of our country in the new era to carefully sort out the ideological theory of western marxism and analyze its theoretical value and limitation.

Western marxists intend to reconstruct various ideological objects and values, and then innovate and develop the ideological theory. The main contents can be summarized as three aspects.

The early western marxists attached great importance to the conceptual problem of ideology. They did not provide us with a clear definition of ideology, but they provided us with a new category to understand and grasp the theory of ideology: dialectics -- overall methodology and society-historical epistemology. Lukacs thinks that ideology has two kinds of nature, and dialectical nature of totality, ideology is characterized by an integral expression of history, is the consciousness of the dialectical process itself in the process of social development, so the "dialectics is not allow us to stay in simply conclude that this kind of consciousness of falsity, stay in the absolute opposition between true and false, but asked us to put the" false "as his membership of the general history of a factor, as the historical process in which he plays a role of a phase, specific studies." The proletariat is the unity of the subject and object in the historical process, so the proletarian consciousness can achieve the overall understanding of social history. For the proletarian revolution, the victory of the revolution depends on whether the proletariat has mature proletarian consciousness and whether it has achieved the leadership of ideology. The acquisition of ideological leadership requires the active participation of the proletariat in class struggle and the unity of all forces to achieve the set goals. This process is also a mature process of proletarian consciousness, often full of contradictions and conflicts, but this process is the norm in social development.

Gramsci believed that ideology is a special kind of concept system, is a kind of the concept of system can be viewed as superstructure, is to have some material force of superstructure, is an important and indispensable material content forms, so the relationship between ideology and economic basis is the relationship between form and content, has the intrinsic uniformity, any split two relations theory will inevitably false consciousness theory of ideology. Ideology is an important part of the superstructure, but it exists as an immaterial force with ideological leadership, which will determine the direction of social development. According to the existing mode of ideology, ideology can be divided into folk legend ideology, common sense ideology, religious ideology and philosophical ideology. These four ideologies play different roles in civil society and are difficult to replace each other. Gramsci that Western Europe is the main cause of the failure of the proletarian revolution ideology leadership, he thought, the core issue of western revolution is taking ideological leadership, through violent revolution during different east countries, western proletariat revolution is to obtain recognition of civil society, the working class only for cultural and ideological leadership of the eligible for political leadership.

In korsch's view, ideology is a concrete reality rather than an empty fantasy that can be expressed through ideas. Consciousness is consistent with reality, which contains the characteristics of Marx's dialectical materialism. Ideology is not a false ideology, as realistic as economic basis. "Between the economic foundation of the existing socio-economic forms and the legal and political superstructure and the corresponding ideology, there are links and relations of a special nature. To determine the connection and relationship of the special nature, in terms of the general form, whether it is a philosophical concept of dialectical causality or interaction to supplement the causality of natural science, is not enough, in general this relationship cannot be in the form of a general idea of cause and effect or causal laws to make precise instructions, but for any special field should be special for sure." Political science, philosophy, law, aesthetics and religion are all likely to become special ideologies. The formation process of ideology theory is the critical process of ideology.

So early western marxist thought ideology cannot mechanically due to false consciousness, because ideology corresponding direct product is not a simple economic phenomenon, but the expression of specific subject ideas of class, is a substantive "permeate" way, the conformity and incentive effect to the social development.

The Frankfurt school believes that ideology can be understood as science, technology or instrumental rationality, and that science, technology and instrumental rationality are the root of ruling human thought, leading to social slavery and alienation. In the era of economic globalization, horkheimer, adorno, marcuse and habermas criticized the ideology of instrumental rationality of industrial society on the basis of their criticism of mass culture after the second world war.

"Not only metaphysics, but the science that metaphysics criticizes is itself an ideology." Horkheimer and adorno realized that materialized consciousness was not generated by the conflict between classes, but by the need for the development of productive forces, and therefore was rooted in instrumental rationality. The rise of fascism and mass culture shows that mass consciousness can be manipulated, and the criticality of class consciousness is hard to reflect, so the ideological and political identity of the proletariat is impossible to realize. Marcuse criticized the alienation function of ideology to maintain the existing ruling state, and studied the new control form of developed industrial society from the perspective of demand integration. In his opinion, the social needs and individual needs of developed industrial society have been completely unified. People's criticality, personality and negation are all dispelled, and people become "one-way people", and become the tool for the ruling class to conduct class rule. Under the control of ideology, the pursuit of material consumption become the essence of human needs, the manipulation of life as a comfortable life, the society pressing need for their own needs, the social force as their own freedom, "if the worker and his boss to enjoy the same TV programmes and visiting the same places of entertainment, if a typist dressed beautifully dressed, like his employer's daughter made a card if the black car Della, if they all read the same newspaper, this also doesn't mean the disappearance of class; It is to show that the needs and the satisfaction of maintaining the existing system are in any way Shared by the people below." Based on this, marcuse believed that "the liberating power of technology -- the materialized tool -- turns into the shackle of liberation, even when people are instrumentalized".

Habermas criticizes the science and technology as ideology is also a kind of alienation phenomenon, a kind of new form of political rule, he combine science and technology and ideology criticism, has the "the social function of science and technology and the social function of ideology is basic same, cover a wide variety of social problems in science and technology, there are a lot of people in the transfer of discontent and resistance, a serious impediment to the people's choice of a new way of life, has the function of maintain existing rule. In the developed industrialized society, science and technology is a force that has been materialized and alienated, and has not liberated human beings. Science and technology, as an ideology, is a new form of political domination in the name of legitimacy. The characteristic of habermas' ideology theory lies not only in the dominance of instrumental rationality but also in his in-depth study of the generalization of ideology from the paradigm of philosophy of language. Starting from the basic proposition of linguistics, "language is action", he emphasized the value of "being first" in social communication under the paradigm of language philosophy, and highlighted the revelation and understanding of the existence environment of people behind language. The premise of instrumental rationality is that people communicate and understand among subjects in the value of "first nature", so as to form a value consensus. In the late stage of the development of capitalist society, instrumental rationality penetrates into all levels of society in the way of scientific and technological rationality, thus gaining discourse hegemony. The language of communication and consensus among the original subjects has become a technical language, a tool for science and technology, and an ideology for maintaining class rule.

Flom believes that ideology is the social unconscious, and only within the scope of social unconscious can it be seen clearly that ideology plays a role in society. Social progress and the development of civilization will not eliminate the oppression of the unconscious on people, but will only strengthen it. "The social unconscious is the domain of repression that is common to most members of a society. These common repressed elements are what a society of special contradictions does not allow its members to be aware of when it functions effectively." In his opinion, ideology is a kind of false consciousness in nature, which is very deceptive. His main function is to beautify real life and defend the existing society.

Althusser's ideological theory begins with the revision of Marx's theory that the economic foundation determines the superstructure, which has no decisive effect, is relatively independent of the economic foundation, and at the same time has a reaction to the economic foundation. The superstructure is not a reflection of the economic base, but exists in contrast to the economic base. In althusser's ideology and the ideological state apparatus, he focused on the study of the nature of the ideological state apparatus and stated the ideological state apparatus as four aspects: the state is a repressive state apparatus; State power is different from state machinery; The ruling class USES the state machinery to achieve its class goals; The proletariat wants to build its own proletarian state machinery, with the ultimate goal of realizing the demise of the state. In his view, the ideological state apparatus includes the government, the administrative organs, the army, the police, the courts, the prisons, etc., which ultimately rely on violence to achieve their functions. However, in the context of civil society, the establishment of a class's cultural leadership is based on the long-term edification and brewing of civil society, rather than on simple violent reincarnation. Therefore, he regarded ideology as an unconscious in social life.

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