The Peel Principle of British Policing-英国硕士论文代写－r51due

英国essay论文精选范文：“The Peel Principle of British Policing”，这篇论文讨论了英国警务的皮尔原则。皮尔原则即罗伯特·皮尔的9条警务原则的统称。皮尔于1829年建立了“大伦敦警察厅”，标志着近代制服警察制度的建立。在建警初期，皮尔提出的九项警务原则，深刻体现了英国警察的性质，使警察事业在英国取得了辉煌的成就，同时对世界许多国家的警察的发展产生了深远的影响，得到了各个历史时期警察的重视，体现了其思想在指导英国警察工作和改革等方面的价值。

After the emergence of the Peel principle, the police work in Britain has undergone four policing reforms. In the process of changing police models, the British police department has been exploring the guiding principles of policing reform. On 24 July 2002, the United Kingdom adopted the Regulations on Police Reform. Through the reorganization of the police organization, the Ordinance is regarded as the programmatic document of the British Government's entire criminal justice legislative system. Through the police reform in the new era, it can be seen that the centralization of police has become the fundamental trend of policing reform. The analysis of the new regulations in the United Kingdom can provide a useful reference for China 's policing reform.

The basic concept of centralization of police The Ordinance to promote the British government's criminal justice system of legislation to further develop and improve. It is worth mentioning that, by increasing the centralized management and monitoring of police work at all levels, the Ordinance reflects the far-reaching impact of the concept of managementism on policing. Sections 1-9 of the Regulations have significantly modified the organization and control of police forces. It changed the system of checks and balances on the basis of the traditional three-dimensional framework of police management and accountability, raising questions about the constitutionality of the police force's independence from political control. Although the regulations are not expressly provided, the actual situation indicates that the Secretary of State needs greater authority to deal with a number of operational problems. The Act promotes parliamentary attention to the growing importance of "policing independence", which is not very clear, and is committed to centralizing policing. This situation led to the gradual loss of parliamentary control of local police work, at the same time, the responsibilities of local police duties and responsibilities of the police did not weaken. It can be said that the new era of British police reform is undoubtedly the return to the Peel principle. The government hopes to increase police "centralization" to get rid of the many problems facing the police department. The regulations reflect the trend of policing: the gradual incorporation of police forces into the national police force in a subtle manner. Through the analysis of the Ordinance, it can be seen that the Ordinance is actually a seemingly peaceful compromise, that is, in the progressive realization of the centralization of the police at the same time, does not completely deviate from the framework of separation of powers.

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In the progressive realization of centralized police work in the process of control, an important performance is the proposed national police planning. The plan stipulates that the Government should establish a three-year strategic planning objective for the police. Earlier, the Government was reluctant to formulate a comprehensive document in the form of police work objectives. The Secretary of the Cabinet, in accordance with the mandate, determines the strategic planning objectives for policing, sets specific performance targets in accordance with these objectives, and develops guidelines for police work based on the responsibilities of the police. In contrast, national police planning, developed in consultation with relevant institutions, will become a strategic document. These include: the objectives of the organization; the relevant performance indicators; the best performance indicators; the amendments to the regulations and guidelines developed under the 1996 Local Government Regulations; and the sheriff's police work guide. The new ordinance changed the 1996 Local Government Ordinance on the annual planning of the annual police service, requiring the police authorities to formulate a plan every three years to define the strategic direction and focus of the police work. Policing plans should emphasize future plans for effective policing in jurisdictions, which should take into account the specific circumstances of the area and the requirements of the national macro-planning. While planning was designed to encourage the implementation of the medium-term strategic plan, the police authorities could also adapt the plan as necessary to accommodate changes in the real situation. According to Article 9 of the 1996 Local Government Regulations, the annual reports of the police authorities must report on the actual degree of implementation of the three-year plan, thereby facilitating the supervision of the relevant authorities. It also reflects the concept of managerialism in the recent criminal justice system legislation.

The Secretary of State may issue a police work guide to the sheriff on the performance of duties. This means that substantive centralization of operational policing has been further developed. This power of control involves a number of aspects: the provision of guidance on police work, where necessary, based on the "efficiency and effectiveness of policing efforts", after the relevant consultation. The sheriff must consider the provisions of the police work guidelines, but these provisions are not absolutely binding on the sheriff, the sheriff in a particular case can retain discretion.

The Royal Police Inspectorate is responsible for the routine supervision and review of police forces and, if requested by the Secretary of State, the Royal Police Inspectorate may also conduct occasional reviews. Article 3 of the Regulation provides for the controversial power of allowing the Secretary of State to request a review of a particular police service. This is also to strengthen the operationalization of the centralized control of police work further reflected. The real effect of this power is to allow the Secretary of State to issue corrective instructions to the police authorities on the basis of a negative report to the police. If the report shows that the police service or any aspect of the department as a whole or operationally appears to be inefficient or ineffective, the Secretary of State may exercise this power until the appropriate police authority takes corrective action . On the basis of an order issued by the sheriff, the police authorities must submit a correction plan and be subject to review by the Secretary of State. In practice, the Secretary of State may issue orders to review the operational work of a particular police service that is not satisfactory to him, thereby obtaining a negative report allowing him to issue corrections. Although the Secretary of State cannot interfere with the investigation of a particular case, that power may lead to a direct impact on the ability of the police to achieve its political objectives through criminal justice through a direct review of a specific police service. Centralized government control and intervention may discourage the community's own initiative to combat crime.

Cabinet secretaries may issue regulations regulating the use of police equipment in cases where the Cabinet Office fails to provide sufficient protective clothing and equipment in the event of attempts to standardize equipment and attempt to adapt to human rights requirements. Regulations. This centralized management has many benefits, can make the police equipment to achieve national standards. The sheriff can ensure the quality of equipment for all police forces, which has an important role in increasing mutual cooperation between police forces. At the same time, the standardization of equipment will promote the implementation of national supervisory procedures and policing manuals. More controversial, however, is the ability of the Secretary of State to require the police to maintain the appropriateness of specific equipment, which would place an undue burden on some of them, since they rarely require specific equipment.

With the intensification of centralized control of operational policing, regulations and procedures for establishing routine policing procedures and guidelines can be established, thereby facilitating interagency cooperation and collaboration among police agencies. In the case of major cases of investigation, such regulations contribute to ensuring the internal consistency and coherence of policing methods, as well as facilitating the sharing of national intelligence brochures in the national criminal intelligence services. Prior to the implementation of the Regulation, the Secretary of State must ensure that the application of these procedures and guidelines is necessary to promote joint and collaborative work among police agencies, that specific regulations are necessary to ensure the application of procedures and guidelines, and that specific procedures and guidelines are applied Is conducive to national interests. It is worth noting that such regulations may lead to undue interference in local police work, hamper local policing in police policing, and may have an impact on operational policing policies. Furthermore, in addition to pre-consulting and obtaining advice on specific agencies, it also contains additional safeguards.

Senior police officers are appointed by the police authorities and obtained the approval of the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State may also authorize the Governor of the Royal Police to exercise the power of approval. This would make the appointment process more efficient and easier to monitor. The power of the Secretary of State to exempt senior police officers from the grounds of efficiency and effectiveness under the 1996 Local Government Regulations has been extended and it is now possible to request senior officers to resign or retire on these grounds. This expansion reflects the trend towards rejuvenation of the sheriff's ranks, and the justification for requiring young police officers to retire will immediately trigger a pension problem. The departure of senior police officers often raises many questions. The Joint Commission on Human Rights made two observations on the measure, which were endorsed by the present Regulations and by the Government. First, in accordance with article 6 of the European Personnel Declaration, police officers who are requested to resign or retire should be guaranteed an opportunity to hold hearings. Specific procedures for dismissal include: the written notice to the police officer, at the hearing of the opportunity to be represented by other personnel, the police officer's agent to compensate. Secondly, the resignation of a police officer should not have an impact on his or her pension rights.

A series of powers of the local authorities are transferred to the Central Government and section 32 of the Ordinance empowers the police authorities to suspend the position of the sheriff if it is necessary to consider whether or not to require the sheriff to resign or retire and, at the same time, The public confidence crisis arising from the police service requires the police officer to be temporarily suspended and the decision to suspend the suspension is approved by the Minister of the Interior; the Secretary of State has informed the police that he will consider whether to request the resignation or retirement of the officer, The public trust crisis in the Agency requires the police officer to be suspended from office, and the decision has been approved by the Secretary of State, who has instructed the officer to resign or retire under the direction of the Secretary of State, but that directive has not yet entered into force. The Special Committee on Internal Affairs raised objections to that power, arguing that the Cabinet Office did not give a full explanation of the operation of those powers and suggested that the power should apply only to exceptions. The Association of Police Authorities strongly objected to that power and, in response to those requests, an agreement had been agreed with the Association of Police Authorities and the Association of Police Sergeants.

The Recruitment Regulations remove restrictions on the recruitment of persons outside the Commonwealth, and stipulate the nationality of the persons to be recruited: Any person, regardless of place of birth or nationality, may become an oath officer and serve as a police sergeant. This new provision broadens the number of potential recruiters and will help to diversify the cultural and ethnic aspects of police services. The Ordinance removes the restriction that "the Secretary must be a police officer in service", thereby broadening the sources of recruitment of the National Criminal Police Brigade and the National Criminal Intelligence Service. This reflects the fact that the National Crime Intelligence Service is an interagency organization that specializes in the collection of information. In addition, the National Criminal Police Brigade and the National Crime Intelligence Service are now able to recruit police officers from a variety of police services.

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