浅谈英国企业集群-英国硕士论文代写－r51due

英国essay论文精选范文：“浅谈英国企业集群”，这篇论文讨论了英国的企业集群。早在前工业化时期，英国就已经出现了大量的中小企业集聚现象。英国早期的企业集群，也就是马歇尔所描述的制造业企业集群，主要分布在英格兰北部和苏格兰南部等地区，表现为大量的中小企业专业化分工和空间集聚。英国企业集群在不同的阶段具有不同的特征。在初期形成阶段，大量企业家进入集群进行创业，企业数量迅速增加，出现相对集中的势头。在地域集中过程中，个别企业成长为核心企业，并呈现快速成长趋势，使企业集群发展进入成长阶段。

As early as the pre-industrial period in the United Kingdom there have been a large number of small and medium enterprises clustering phenomenon, and in the industrialization period, this trend is even more apparent. Early British enterprise clusters, such as Marshall described the manufacturing enterprise clusters, such as the British Staffordshire pottery production, Bedfordshire hat production, production of chairs in Buckinghamshire and Sheffield cutting tool production, etc. , Mainly in northern England and southern Scotland and other regions, the performance of a large number of small and medium enterprises specialized division of labor and spatial clustering.

At that time the British business clusters have the following characteristics: a large number of small and medium enterprises gathered together with the characteristics of specialized production, that is, the division of labor between enterprises is very obvious. In these small and medium-sized enterprise clusters, some enterprises specializing in primary or intermediate product production, and some enterprises have become specialized production enterprises sales agents or merchants. The relationship between small and medium-sized enterprises specialized in production is flexible, dynamic and cooperative relations. There is a relationship between firms that is both competitive and cooperative. They can be long-term cooperation or temporary transaction according to the needs of the transaction, while competing for market share, they can reasonably divide the market space. There is a special "industrial climate" among cluster enterprises. New ideas, information, technology, etc. spread within the cluster area is particularly fast, mainly in the context of a common social and cultural context of trust based on formal or informal communication. The development of pillar industry in the cluster cannot be separated from other related industries and institutions. The healthy development of pillar industry needs the support of other related industries, but it will also promote the upstream and downstream related industries to promote each other and complement each other, co-coordinated development.

Thus, enterprises in the cluster are creative, market-opening and innovative, and can divide the work and cooperation on the basis of trust to realize external economies of scale, thus enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises.

As an early industrialized country, Britain's economic development was once the world's leading position. British enterprise cluster is also accompanied by the rapid development of the industrial revolution, and significantly stimulated economic growth. However, the development of enterprise cluster in UK is not smooth sailing. With the gradual decline of British economy, the development of enterprise cluster is also in a dilemma. In the case of rapid technological progress, some manufacturing enterprise clusters due to backward technology, so simply rely on the external economies of scale can not form a strong competitive edge, the cluster pillar industries tend to shrink, causing the related industries have also been a heavy blow . Some enterprise clusters began to decline, or even gradually disintegrate. For example, the British ceramics is one of the earliest form of enterprise clusters, the United Kingdom has been a lot of ceramic industry clusters, the development of the British ceramics industry, as well as the development of the British national economy had an important role in promoting. However, with the British labor costs and international trade development, the British ceramic production costs, into the UK market increased imports of products, resulting in the British ceramic industry market competitiveness gradually weakened, began to collapse part of the ceramic industry cluster, a Some of the famous ceramic clusters gradually disappear. In addition to the ceramic industry cluster, there are some food processing and shoe manufacturing industry clusters are gradually declining.

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Leading to the slow development of British business clusters, and even the main reasons for the recession are: the British labor costs, hinder the development of enterprise clusters. With the deepening of the industrial revolution in Britain, the wage level of workers rose sharply, leading to rising labor costs. In addition, due to the early British colonial expansion, a large number of foreign labor export, resulting in the scarcity of domestic labor resources, labor costs, which makes the development of enterprise clusters have been seriously affected. Enterprise research and development efforts is not enough, cannot maintain sustained competitiveness. British government investment in research and development funds and many, the problem is that these investments are mainly used in basic science and national defense science and technology above. In 1986, for example, private enterprise R & D expenditure in the UK accounted for only 1.19% of GDP, down from 2.19% in Japan and 1.6% in Germany. Many British industries and therefore gradually lost its technological leadership. In the development of advanced electronics, new materials, advanced manufacturing technology, the pace of the British is increasingly slow. Talent structure is irrational, labor disputes are serious. The proportion of British students to university education is relatively low, while the highly educated talents are mostly concentrated in the field of social, human or theoretical sciences, and less in applied sciences. On the one hand, the British professional services, consulting, software and publishing industry to retain a large number of outstanding talent; the other hand, many British industries are facing serious labor competitiveness. Compared with many developed countries, the British workers in both the level of education and technology are slightly inferior, manufacturing enterprises is the lack of a large number of university or college education talents. Industrial policy hinders the development of enterprises. Britain has laws and regulations in telecommunications, health insurance, transportation and other industries, which not only lead to slow innovation in these areas, but also erode the competitive advantage of its related industries.

In addition, one of the hallmarks of British corporate culture is management exclusion of innovation and change, along with this management culture is a "rigid labor relations." There is an atmosphere of near-class struggle between the labor and capital of the UK, leading to almost irreconcilable relations between the two parties, which obviously hinders the innovation and development of enterprises and hinders the development of enterprise clusters.

When the enterprise cluster is in a recession stage, the core enterprises in the cluster begin to decline, appear outward migration, collapse and so on, thus affecting the separation and diversion of affiliated enterprises; affiliated enterprises will also affect the core enterprise competitiveness, leading to clusters The economy is declining in a spiral. The disintegration of the cluster will lead to a regional economic downturn, the unemployment rate continues to rise, government revenue dropped.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the cluster of many traditional industries has been declining, but some clusters have also been developed and maintained through their own efforts. They are mainly concentrated in luxury, leisure, entertainment and other related fields, because: the original advantage of these industries still continue to play a role in the early establishment of the traditional British industry has lost its original competitive advantage, but the long-established international brands Visibility and marketing network, has not been completely broken. With obvious crafts and traditional characteristics of the industry, external competitors is difficult to enter. Geographical characteristics of the industry, such as tourism and related industries, regional and historical characteristics, external products can not be replaced, there is a geographical monopoly side. As a result of the UK's talent and language advantages in the business services sector, corporate clusters such as accounting, insurance, auction and international legal services, as well as the trade sector, have maintained a strong position.

At the end of the 20th century, the development of enterprise clusters in UK has been a new trend. Some clusters of service enterprises have become more stable, and many clusters of high-tech enterprises have been developing vigorously.

In the London area, for example, business clusters have been very successful development, gathered in London around a lot of financial, high-tech industry enterprises. For example, London's financial enterprise clusters have attracted worldwide attention, and jewelery and antiques clusters have international influence. Clusters such as publishing, advertising, film, music, travel, entertainment and business services are also influential and growing rapidly. London's enterprise cluster economy is growing at a significantly faster rate than other types of economy. London, 12 clusters of employment accounted for 43% of the total employment in London, which is sufficient to illustrate the important position of the London enterprise cluster. London's economy is characterized by the diversity of clusters and the interdependence and interdependence between them. Recently, the UK biotechnology development and enterprise clustering phenomenon is remarkable. British biotechnology in Europe's leading position in the world after the United States. Britain currently has 270 biotechnology SMEs, accounting for a quarter of the total number of European biotechnology small and medium enterprises. If there are consulting and service companies in the biotech industry, there are about 460 biotech companies, employing about 40,000 people, representing nearly one-eighth of the world's 70 billion pound market share of biotechnology products.

Moreover, the British biotechnology companies are mostly in the form of cluster distribution, mainly in the East Anglil area of Cambridge, England, southeastern Oxford County and Surrey, and the central region of Scotland. Cambridge, Oxford and central Scotland each have more than 50 specialized biotech companies that form clusters of biotech firms. Among them, the mature biotechnology companies are mainly concentrated in Cambridge, Oxford and the southeastern United Kingdom. In addition, Scotland's Edinburgh Triangle, Glasgow and Dundee also gather a lot of biotechnology companies.

British biotechnology companies not only have the characteristics of regional agglomeration, but also formed a better supply chain and research and development system. Within the cluster there is a complete system from scientific research (universities and research institutes) to the production and marketing of biotechnology products. For example, Cambridge has institutions such as Cambridge University engaged in biotechnology research, as well as biotechnology manufacturers such as Immunetics Inc. and Ontogeny Inc., to integrate research and production. At the same time, the input system of biotechnology research was diversified development trend, formed a government investment, supplemented by private investment in multi-channel scientific research system. For example, in 1999, government funding for biotechnology research was £ 650 million, and charities such as the Cancer Research Institute and the Royal Cancer Research Fund also provided substantial research funding.

There are many factors for the successful development of biotech clusters in the UK, such as the availability of highly skilled staff, effective business networks, and the involvement of a variety of support services such as law, recruitment agencies, incubators, technology parks And regional biotechnology associations. From the development of Biotech cluster in Oxford and Cambridge, we can conclude the following conclusions: The support system of enterprise cluster basic research is relatively perfect. For example, cluster regions generally have world-renowned research institutions, leading research hospitals. Such as the Oxford Molecular Medicine Association, the Molecular Biology Laboratory in Cambridge, and the European Bioinformatics Association. They provide biotechnology for small and medium enterprises to provide technical support and protection, attracting a large number of biotechnology companies. This support system has played a leading role. Regional entrepreneurial culture atmosphere. This is particularly true for biotech start-ups, such as biotech companies and established partnerships with leading universities and large pharmaceutical companies. Biotechnology personnel with the results of scientific and technological entrepreneurship practices become common practice. Enterprise clusters within the various types of enterprise configuration is reasonable. Cluster not only start-up and growth of small businesses, but also mature large companies. Mature biotechnology companies play an important role in the development of clusters that provide technical support and management experience to start-up small businesses, enabling them to grow rapidly. More than 60% of the biotech companies around Cambridge were established after 1985. Various intermediary organizations within the enterprise cluster, the legal service system is relatively perfect. There are a large number of incubators and science and technology parks in the cluster area, with perfect legal service system, which provides a favorable environment for the development of biotechnology companies. Such as the Babraham Bio Incubator near Cambridge and the Manchester Biotech Incubator. These incubators to scientific and technological achievements continue to be transformed, enabling the promotion of the development of biotechnology companies. Venture capital in the UK provides a source of funding for the growth of biotech companies. Biotechnology companies have the characteristics of fast growth, high risk and high income, which makes them become the investment targets of venture capital institutions. British venture capital industry in the past 10 years, the field of biotechnology has invested 344 million pounds, for the development of biotechnology companies have made tremendous contributions.

According to statistics as of September 1999, there are 154 clusters in the UK, mainly in Scotland, Northern Ireland, North Yorkshire, Yorkshire and Humberside, the northwest, the Middle East, Wales, east and southeast, Southwest, Midwest and London, each block about 8 to 18 clusters of enterprises, including London and the southeast of the two blocks a relatively large number of clusters. There are obvious regional characteristics of UK business clusters. For example, the service industries and high-tech clusters are mainly in the southeastern region, such as finance, R & D and so on. The clusters in the North of England tend to be traditional industries such as automobile, textile and metal Industry and so on.

In addition, peers clustered in different blocks at the same time, but often have different scales. For example, Welsh's textile and apparel cluster consists of 11 industries, employing about 11,000 people; the Midwest cluster consists of 30 industries, employing about 80,000 people. These different blocks of the same industry clusters often exist between the mutual contact and cooperation, constitute a cluster of division of labor between enterprises and collaboration system.

Many industries in the UK are clustered in different degrees. Some industries are characterized by large concentration of enterprises and close division of labor, while other industries are scattered in the region and are not highly linked. According to Ron Botham and Hervey Gibson et al., The industrial clusters of the 12 UK blocks are shown in Table 1. Among them, the financial, biotechnology, IT enterprise clusters the most obvious. The cluster of financial enterprises is mainly concentrated in London, and the close cooperation between enterprises is formed. The density of enterprises in the cluster area is high, which highlights the strong competition ability. Biotechnology enterprise clusters are mainly distributed in the southeast and central Scotland, R & D enterprise clusters are mainly concentrated in the east. Traditional industrial cluster density is not high, they are more concentrated in the northwest, such as textile enterprise clusters are basically distributed in the northwest.

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