Essay代写：Evaluation of higher education in Europe and America－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Evaluation of higher education in Europe and America，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了欧美高等教育元评价。欧美高等教育评价中都引入了元评价机制，通过对质量认证机构资质的认定与能力的评估，在一定高度从源头上整体把握全域范围内评价活动的性质、目标与活动规则等，从而确保了认证机构评价活动的专业权威性与科学合理性。很显然，缺少元评价，整个评价就会陷入无序、低效、失信的状态，也就无法实现保障并提升高等教育质量这一目标。

Both Europe and the United States have introduced the meta-evaluation mechanism while implementing the quality certification of higher education. Based on the present situation of the evaluation of higher education in Europe and America, this paper analyzes the evaluation standard of higher education in Europe and America, and puts forward the Enlightenment significance of the evaluation mechanism.

In many countries in Europe and America, higher education accreditation institutions play an important role in ensuring and improving the quality of higher education. At the same time, the accreditation bodies themselves have to undergo qualification reviews and competency assessments, and only the institutions that have passed the review and appraisal have the appropriate legal status and assessment qualifications, which is known as the Meta Review. This paper attempts to analyze the evaluation of higher education in Europe and the United States, in order to obtain the reference.

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The Bologna process was fully launched in 1999, when 29 European countries met in Bologna, Italy, and adopted the Bologna declaration. An important goal in the process is to ensure the quality of European higher education and to establish a unified European system of higher education. To achieve this goal, in 2000, the European Higher Education Quality Assurance Network was established and renamed the European Association for the Quality assurance of higher education. The role of ENQA is to promote the exchange of information and experience in quality assurance, to develop quality assurance standards, procedures and principles, to provide advice, to facilitate quality assurance activities, and to promote quality assurance and certification bodies to implement peer evaluations. The main goal of ENQA is to maintain and enhance the higher quality of higher education in Europe and to serve as a driving force for the development of quality assurance mechanism. ENQA adoption of membership system, must undergo ENQA assessment, only in accordance with the prescribed standards or to carry out certification activities in accordance with the standards of the Organization to have membership, this standard is the European Higher Education Quality assurance standards and principles. Thus, the European Association for the Quality of higher education, ENQA, is the higher education meta-evaluation institution, which evaluates the European countries ' quality assurance institutions, and becomes its member through the evaluation institution, and is qualified to carry out quality certification activities in colleges and universities.

In the United States, the evaluation of higher education quality revolves around two aspects, namely recognition and accreditation, the former means that the United States Department of Education and the Higher Educational Accreditation Board review the accreditation of relevant institutions or organizations, The latter refers to the accreditation of institutions or organizations to the higher education or project quality evaluation. These two levels of evaluation constitute the American higher Education Quality assurance and Quality improvement evaluation system. Among them, the United States Department of Education and the Higher Education Accreditation Committee to the accreditation body qualification "cognizance", that is, the yuan evaluation, the Ministry of Education and the Certification Committee is the yuan evaluation agency. The United States Department of Education is official, and its activities are funded mainly by Congress to the Ministry of Education budget allocation, it is determined to ensure that the certification body to provide the institutions and programs to receive federal funding for a strong basis. The Accreditation Committee for Higher Education is unofficial, financed by annual fees paid by its members, whose purpose is to ensure that certification bodies can effectively promote the academic quality of institutions and projects.

There are differences in the criteria for the purpose, the former concerns the accreditation body in certain areas to maintain a certain standard, including student performance, curriculum, teachers, facilities, student services, funds and management capabilities, and the latter concerned about the certification body in improving academic quality, display responsibility, encourage self-improvement and improvement, decision-making procedures, Review and resources to meet certain requirements. The Ministry of Education and the certification board in the process of identification are followed by the same identification procedures, that is, the establishment of standards, certification bodies self-assessment, field visits and reports, accreditation and regular review. Review period the Ministry of Education is usually five years, the Certification board at least 10 years, of which in the third year and the end of the sixth year require the certification body to submit a report, according to the content of the report if necessary to review.

European Higher Education Quality assurance standards and principles were developed in 2005 with the joint efforts of ENQA and the European University Committee, which set out three sets of standards and principles for quality assurance, external quality assurance and quality assurance in European higher education institutions. Only to reach the third set of standards of institutions can become quality certification bodies, quality certification bodies in accordance with the first two sets of standards for the higher education institutions to carry out certification activities. The third set of standards is the evaluation

In the American Higher Education Quality evaluation system, the Higher Education Accreditation Committee plays an important role in ensuring and improving the quality of higher education, and the following shows the meta evaluation Standard of the accreditation body.

The evaluation of higher education in Europe and America has a certain history and is more mature, and there are many useful references.

In the evaluation of higher education in Europe and America, the meta evaluation Mechanism is introduced through the evaluation of qualification and capability of quality certification bodies, we can grasp the nature, objectives and rules of activities of evaluation activities in a certain height from the source, so as to ensure the professional authority and scientific rationality of the evaluation activities of certification bodies. Obviously, the lack of meta evaluation, the whole evaluation will fall into a disorderly, inefficient, dishonest state, and can not achieve the guarantee and improve the quality of higher education this goal. Therefore, it is very necessary to introduce the meta-evaluation mechanism in the quality evaluation of higher education in China. The introduction of the meta-evaluation mechanism, first of all, to determine the main body of the subject, and the laws and regulations to clarify the nature and composition of the main body, responsibility and power, objectives and procedures, to provide protection for the development of evaluation activities. Second, the introduction of incentive and competition mechanism, encourage social groups, associations alone or with universities, research institutions and other cooperation in accordance with the requirements of the active formation of quality evaluation agencies, and provide incentive policy support, and strive to form a competitive market for the fittest, to ensure that the evaluation agencies constantly improve their quality and evaluation capacity Again, the introduction of dynamic mechanism, which is mainly aimed at colleges and universities, only through the evaluation of colleges and universities can recruit students, to get parents, students and employers trust, in order to get government support, only a higher level of evaluation of colleges and universities can get more and better people, wealth, things and other resources. Therefore, colleges and universities must actively participate in the evaluation of evaluation institutions, and strive to improve the level and quality of education. Only when colleges and universities actively accept the evaluation of evaluation institutions, the role of meta evaluation can be fully exerted. Finally, it is necessary to establish a scientific and reasonable evaluation standard, open and transparent procedure and fair and objective operating rules, which is the soul of meta evaluation, which directly determines the validity and credibility of meta evaluation.

It is very important to develop a scientific and reasonable evaluation standard, which stipulates the attributes and conditions of the evaluation institution and the concept, criterion and strategy of carrying out the evaluation activities. Judging from the evaluation standard of higher education in Europe and America, the following two aspects are worthy of our reference.

Judging from the field of evaluation, it is necessary to pay attention to the target orientation, independence and resource preparation of the evaluation institution, and to pay attention to the standards, procedures and principles adopted in the evaluation activities. Specifically, the static evaluation organization must define its own goal and mission, understand its own value to the university and its influence, and the evaluation institution should maintain its independence in the relationship with the government, university and the public, and be independent of the influence of the stakeholders. Evaluation agencies must have the resources to meet their operational needs, particularly human and financial resources, in order to achieve its objectives and mission. On the other hand, the evaluation activities of evaluation institutions should ensure openness, impartiality and scientific rationality.

The whole process of evaluation in colleges and universities, including the activities of each link and the evaluation results, should be open and transparent, the evaluation of each university should be fair and objective, with the way of complaint and consultation, the evaluation institution should make scientific and reasonable evaluation procedure and strictly follow this procedure. On the other hand, the evaluation standards of evaluation institutions should pay attention to the quality of institutions, their own responsibilities and the self-improvement of colleges and universities. The evaluation standards of the European and American countries require the certification body to pay attention to the quality performance of each university or project.

Such as goal achievement degree, Student's academic achievement and so on; Throughout the evaluation process, the evaluation body should fully demonstrate its responsibilities, such as making decisions on behalf of the public and responding to public concerns, and the evaluation institutions should pay attention to self-evaluation within institutions, Promote institutions to form a good self-improvement mechanism.

Judging from the composition of the evaluation standards, the European and American Evaluation standards reflect the following characteristics. One is to grasp the key "point" at a certain altitude. The evaluation agencies and their activities in the overall grasp of the few and most critical areas, such as mission, responsibility, resources, independence and so on, and from the "point" to list the rules to form a "face", so "point" and "face" combined. Second, pay attention to the quality of the prescriptive, for the specific behavior to leave room for innovation. Two standard systems in Europe and the United States do not have the quantity to the evaluation organization to make the request, instead, the quality of the evaluation institutions and their conduct is regulated, as in the "activities" of the European standard, only the "QA agencies shall engage in external quality assurance activities in accordance with the prescribed principles", as in the "sufficient resources" of the United States standard Requires that "the certification body has sufficient financial, human and operational resources to perform its certification function effectively", there are no specific provisions on what principles should be adhered to, or how to be considered "adequate", how to "effectively" use resources, etc., which are left to the evaluation body to "fill" with evidence; Can fully inspire the innovation of the evaluation organization. Third, the evaluation standard dynamic and static combination. In the European and American Two index system, there are static index, dynamic index, static index concern mechanism's attribute and its composition, dynamic index pointing mechanism's operation and practice, dynamic and static combination, organic unification.

In a word, meta-evaluation is an inevitable product of the development of educational evaluation theory and an important sign of the maturity of educational evaluation. The characteristics of the evaluation and evaluation standards of higher education in Europe and America provide a useful reference for the development of China's higher education meta evaluation.

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