paper代写：Workplace Gender Equality Development in China and Japan－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Workplace Gender Equality Development in China and Japan，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了中国和日本的职场性别平等发展。东亚女性主义的发展起步晚于西方世界。而在东亚国家中，中国和日本采取了不同的女权主义道路，但在现代，男女平等的地位是相似的。女性地位的一个重要参数就是她们在职场的发展。然而，两国还未实现完全平等，导致诸如工资差距等问题的发生。

Workplace Gender Equality,职场性别平等,英国论文代写,paper代写,论文代写

The development of feminism in east Asia took a much later start than the western world. Among the east Asian countries, China and Japan have adopted different paths of feminism, yet the status of gender equality in both countries are similar in the modern day. An important parameter of feminism and the right of women is their involvement in the work place. Traditionally dominated by men, women are gaining more importance in the workplace with the development of feminism. However, complete equality is yet to be achieved in both countries, leading to problems such as salary gaps contributed by multiple factors. In this essay, the history of feminism in China and Japan will be analyzed, followed by the examination of women’s rights in the workplace through two new paper articles from China and Japan respectively. From the paths of development of women’s rights, it has been observed that the working conditions in China and Japan are similar in many ways, but the two countries are facing different challenges.

Since the late Qing Dynasty, females took part in the social revolution actively, by seeking education and participating in social movements. Women back then fought for their right to pursue the freedom to love and wed, in comparison with the parent-dominated manner. In addition, they also sought after gender equality for political involvement, inheritance, education opportunity and work opportunity. The right to work and get paid for it was regarded as an essential part of women’s right since the very beginning of China’s modern feminism. By the 1920s, three types of feminism movements existed in the cities of China: women fighting for equal political and legal rights, Christian women seeking to engage actively in social services, and working women who demanded equality on monetary terms. Organization of women workers’ movement and public speeches by the communist party made the idea of feminism accessible to a much larger audience (Zhang, 2010). The two forces of women, one educated group, the other a major force of labor, have become the major forces of women’s liberation. However, with the expansion of imperialism forces in the 1930s and 1940s, anti-feudal ideas and nationalism became the primary concern of the Chinese people, which made feminism movements much less urgent.

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Gender equality was promoted again in Mao’s time. While women allegedly enjoyed the equal political rights as men did, feminism was criticized as it carried the western ideology. The fight for women’s right was largely associated with the criticism of private ownership system and the western ideology. The gender role of women in the public sphere became more than the attachment of male, but an independent and functioning part of the society. However, such transformations happened only in the public sphere. In the private social units, such as families, the male dominated social structure was not influenced. In the following decades, however, women’s rights transformed again with the revolutionized socialism. Since 1978, economic revolution and opening took place in China. Many of the western ideas of feminism flew in China and was echoed on a large scale. With the new concepts of gender equality, feminism in China was growing apart from the Marxism framework (Yang, 1999). Entering the 21st century, the force of globalization largely aligned with the development of feminism (Chuan, 2017). In the transition from planned economy to market economy, an increasing number of women, mostly from rural areas, moved into the cities and joined the workforce as their husbands did.

Unlike China, Japan set the western feminism as its role model from the very beginning. Modern feminism developed in Japan as it decided to follow the European way of development. In the 50s to the 60s after WWII, women became a major force of social transformation. Since the 1970s, women in Japan have consciously fought for gender equality in the workplace, which was much earlier than China. In the same period, women in China was lucky to have a job and live in cities. Equal salary for them was too far out of reach. In 1985, Equal Employment Opportunity Law (EEOL) passed in Japan, which was implemented in 1986 (Molony, Theiss, & Choi, 2016). The law highlighted the different emphasis of both the workers and the employers. EEOL was a big step forward the Article 14 of the Japanese Constitution of 1947, which prohibited the gender discrimination in the work place. The Working Women’s Welfare Law passed in 1972 further secured women in their workplaces by providing counseling and training. However, it should be noted that there was still little mention of the punishment schemes once employers violated the terms in these laws. This had significantly limited the effectiveness of the laws in protecting women’s rights in the workplace.

The prosperous years in the 70s and 80s in Japan drove women further from workplace. Most women chose to become full time housewives, since their husbands made enough to support the family. However, these women were hindered from re-entering the workforces, since most of the employers would rather hire younger people. The protection laws of women became another obstacle for women to get employed, as there were too many protective terms of women which would make the employers to think twice before hiring them. In 1997, modifications to EEOL was made that further improved the hiring processes. This made sure that employers remain unbiased when they hire women. Ten years later, a more comprehensive Gender Equality Law was enacted, with penalties for discrimination both in the hiring process and the working environment. However, women’s salary and access to higher level positions are still hindered due to the established social norms. In European countries, women’s pay is about 90 percent of men by 2012. The number for Japan is only 68 percent. Japan ranked only the 104th place for women’s economic participation out of 142 countries, in a report published in 2015.

The problem of salary gap cause by genders is similar in China. According to a new article, in 2015, for every $147 paid to a Chinese man (mainland), only $100 is paid to women. This means that women are only paid 68% as much as men are, which is the same figure as Japan three years ago (Chuan, 2017). The increase in the earnings of girls holds greater significance in China than in Japan, as the earnings of girls is directly related to the survival rates of newborn girls. According to a World Bank report, a 10 percent increase in the household income earned by women would result in a 1 percent increase in the survival rates of newborn girls. The problem of pay gap in China is largely contributed to the scale of employment of women. Many women in China are still not participating in paid employment, since most of the areas in China, especially in the west, are still undergoing urbanization. In addition to women not employed, unequal standards of working hours between genders have also contributed to 13% of the problem. The female university graduates are hoping to close the payment gap when they graduate in 2020.

Although Japan has made significant progresses by increasing the number of working women from 15 million to 24 million by 2014, women still struggle in their workplaces in general. In the male dominated workplace, only a tiny proportion of women could assume leadership roles, which require more efforts than the males (JapanTimes, 2016). According to a survey of 28 major Japanese companies, 80 percent of the over 1000 women surveyed had left their original company and deviated from their original career paths. This has reflected the existence of the glass ceiling that influence the careers of women much more than men’s. Only 9 percent of managerial positions are held by women in Japanese companies.

Overall, feminism and the fight for equal right of women started very early in China. However, it was not until the reform and opening in 1986 that the modern movements of gender equality started, which purely aimed to help improve the social status of women. In comparison, Japan’s realization for equal gender rights can be traced back to 1972. Although China had a much later start than Japan did, it had made solid efforts in catching up with the rest of the world. the original 14 years’ gap between the countries were shortened to 3, from the way salary gaps are measured. However, it should also be noted that Japan is a much more developed and urbanized country than China, which grants Japanese women much more freedom to choose not to work than their Chinese counterparts.

References:

Chuan, N. C. (2017). How to fix China's gender gap in pay. China Daily Europe, 2017-03-17. Retrieved from: http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-03/17/content_28588385.htm

JapanTimes. (2016). Editorials: Still a struggle for working women. Japan Times. 2016-04-08. Retrieved from: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/04/08/editorials/still-a-struggle-for-working-women/#.WREGylN9600

Molony, B., Theiss, J. M., & Choi, H. (2016). Gender in modern east asia: An integrated history (1st ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press, a member of the Perseus Book Group.

Yang, M. (1999). From Gender Erasure to Gender Difference: State Feminism, Consumer Sexuality, and Women’s Public Sphere in China.

Zhang, Y. (2010). China Sexual Revolution

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