Essay代写：English utilitarianism－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- English utilitarianism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的功利主义。功利主义，也称效用主义，是道德哲学中的一个理论，主张追求幸福。功利主义对英国和整个西方世界都产生了重大而深远的影响，继承了英国经验主义哲学的传统，具有强烈的实践性特征，在西方国家的各个方面都得到了广泛的应用并对西方社会产生了深远的影响。功利主义为资产阶级寻求政治体制改革提供了思想武器，要求实现民主，并且在经济上为资产阶级自由贸易提供理论辩护。同时，在世俗观念上批判了西方宗教的禁欲主义。

Utilitarianism, also known as utilitarianism, is a theory in moral philosophy, which advocates the pursuit of Maximum Happiness. Utilitarianism has a significant and far-reaching impact on Britain and the whole western world. It inherits the tradition of British empiricism philosophy and has strong practical characteristics. It has been widely applied in various aspects of western countries and exerted a profound impact on western society. First, utilitarianism provides the bourgeoisie with an ideological weapon to pursue political system reform and demand the realization of democracy. Secondly, it provides theoretical justification for bourgeois free trade in economy. At the same time, it criticizes asceticism of western religion in secular concept.

With the establishment of the capitalist system in Britain, Britain became the most economically developed and technologically advanced country in the western world in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the earliest country to produce modern liberal constitutionalism. The rapid development of its productive forces, the profound changes in production relations and social structure have intensified various contradictions in British society. Facing the complicated environment, the industrial bourgeoisie in Britain began to seek a road that could continue to remove the obstacles to the development of capitalism without exacerbating the contradictions. Therefore, they urgently need a new theory to guide the construction of a new order of capitalist society. Under such a big background, utilitarianism is timely born. It can be said that utilitarianism is not only the reflection of capitalist economic development, but also the embodiment of capitalist political reform requirements.

Bentham was the initiator and elaborator of utilitarian political ethics. He believed that "nature has placed human beings under the control of two Kings -- pleasure and pain". Only they can show us what we should do and decide what we will do. The judgment of right and wrong, the series of evolution of cause and effect, all depend on these two monarchs. It is they who rule all our words, deeds and thoughts -- and any attempt to get rid of them can only show and confirm this truth. A man may profess to be free from his kingship, when in fact he is at the mercy of it. That is to say, human beings are governed by happiness and pain, and we are governed by them in everything we say, do, and think. The utilitarian principle affects not only every action of an individual, but also every action of a government. Bentham confidently declared that the utilitarian principle could not be criticized, and there was no need to prove it.

Mill, on the whole, inherited bentham's theory, but also made some modifications: he believed that bitterness and happiness should not be directly equated with good and evil, and proposed a qualitative distinction between happiness and happiness, believing that happiness is not only quantitatively different, but also qualitatively different. Secondly, mill revised bentham's utilitarianism tendency with the principle of maximum happiness and proposed that the virtue of self-sacrifice can bring people happiness. Mass happiness is the only thing that is valuable and worth pursuing, and mass happiness is mass happiness. He believed that the ultimate principle of morality was "the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people", according to which we should increase the happiness of the masses as much as possible.

The greatest advantage of utilitarianism is to simplify moral problems and make them operable and evaluable. Secondly, utilitarianism provides a justification for moral behavior and greatly promotes economic development and the improvement of living standards.

However, utilitarianism also reveals serious defects. "bentham's utilitarianism is composed of three theoretical bases, namely, the principle of pleasure and pain, the theory of effect and the principle of utilitarianism, which are three principles with inherent logic dilemma. The principle of bitterness and pleasure was modified by mill because there was no intrinsic qualitative distinction, but mill's modification highlighted the inherent inconsistency between the principle of bitterness and pleasure and the theory of effect. Mill supplemented utilitarianism with self-sacrifice and exposed the inherent contradiction of utilitarianism principle. Moreover, mill defended utilitarianism's principle of maximum happiness with equal rights, which just showed that utilitarianism is not a fundamental or ultimate principle that can be a theory.

Rawls highlights the weakness is pointed out that the justice of utilitarianism, it does not reveal the requirement of the freedom and rights and the principle of difference between the growth of social welfare desire, it is not sure the priority principle of justice, justice denied that some people enjoy greater interest and deprive others of freedom is justified, political and social interests can't be interfered with the basic rights of the others.

That is to say, utilitarianism ignores the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and believes that individual happiness is the happiness of the majority of people. Therefore, it is advisable to sacrifice part of the happiness to obtain happiness, but in fact, such analogy is a wrong one. If an individual sacrifices immediate happiness for future happiness, the object of sacrifice and benefit is the same person, and the rights and interests of others are sacrificed for social development, the victims and beneficiaries are different objects. Just like the thought experiment "trolley problem," a madman tied five people to the front of a runaway trolley bus. If there was a fork in the road, there was a button that would turn the trolley into the fork, but there was also a fat man tied to the fork in the road. How do you decide in this situation? There is no doubt that most people will push the button to pursue the happiness of more people with the least cost. However, if there was no human intervention, the fat man should not have died at all, fate did not arrange for him to die, the trolley car was rushed to the front of the five people and go, but now he was killed by someone else's hand, on reflection, he has no fault, there is no reason for most of the happiness and deprived of his happiness. No one has the right to decide the life or death of others. Pushing the button does not adhere to the principle of justice. At present, there are many such cases. For example, the "nail households" who repeatedly create tragedies, forced demolition in the name of safeguarding public interests and promoting social development, may not really achieve the greatest happiness. In our country, when personal interests and social interests conflict, we tend to sacrifice personal interests, but if such sacrifice is a forced sacrifice, I am afraid it can only be said that it is an unjust tyranny of the majority.

Utilitarianism is the theory of effect, which holds that we should judge whether an action is justified by its effect. This is contrary to the theory of motivation proposed by Kant ethics. According to the theory of motivation, whether an action is moral or not depends on whether it comes from a good will. Utilitarianism believes that as long as the behavior can bring happy results, then the behavior is moral, which is inconsistent with the traditional moral concept of our country. For example, some people fall into the water, if someone goes to save them but fails to save them, both of them drown, which leads to a worse result, but we can't deny the moral nobility of the savior. In the same example, someone falls into the water and no one saves him. When the family members promise to give money reward, they jump down to save the person and succeed in saving the person from the water. On the surface, they get better results and meet the criteria of utilitarianism, but such motivation cannot be advocated. The effect of an action is not the only factor to be taken into account in determining whether it is timely or not. Utilitarianism regards the pursuit of happiness as the ultimate goal of action, and this one-sided pursuit fails to realize that happiness is not the only valuable thing in life. Excessive indulgence in the pursuit of happiness will only lead to disastrous consequences, and one's life cannot only be for pleasure.

Utilitarianism regards the pursuit of the happiness of the majority as the ultimate guide to action. Like most countries, China always adheres to the value orientation of utilitarianism and pursues the maximization of economic benefits in its development. , for example, we used the one-sided pursuit of economic benefits, built a lot of heavy pollution of the small factory, we only see the face of people's living standards improve and tax increases to bring social changes, but if this kind of material happiness as what we should pursue the greatest happiness of the maximum number of words, so this kind of happiness, I'm afraid one day it will be converted into disaster. Because the consequences are unpredictable, some behaviors that appear to bring happiness are actually a kind of pain, or happiness in the short term and not in the long term. Secondly, with the development of the society and the improvement of people's ideological awareness, people's ideas will change, and with the passage of time, the previously unknown truth will gradually emerge. For example, rivers, lakes and underground water are now basically polluted, and the emergence of serious "cancer villages" in many places across the country is a clear example.

In addition, people have a herd mentality, a kind of behavior, especially a was promoted and advocated by the behavior, will undoubtedly bring to the people around huge demonstration effect, if the whole society or the people around with utilitarianism as their behavior orientation, so there is no doubt will kidnap everyone on this express to the pursuit of happiness. We do not deny the huge role and fact that utilitarianism changes society, but happiness is a subjective concept, which is different for everyone, not only everyone has different understanding, but also has different levels. Utilitarianism is somewhat unscrupulous in a sense. In order to achieve the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people, we should not only question whether the greatest happiness is a kind of low-level happiness that only satisfies the private desire, but also consider whether the pursuit regardless of cost is worth it. Today, this fast-paced society has indeed changed the fate of many people and realized the material happiness of many people. However, human beings cannot accurately predict their future after all, and the real result may not come until the end of prosperity.

We should realize that happiness is not a tangible entity, no matter how utilitarians describe its quantity and quality, it is not an object that can be grasped and played with in the hands, but just a feeling existing in people's subjective world. There is a large subjective error in determining whether this increase or decrease in feelings is real, so calculating the amount of happiness, or distinguishing quality from quality, is flawed.

Utilitarianism as the value orientation of public policy may even lead to social conflicts due to its unbalanced value distribution. "Only insist on the purpose and means, motive and effect is the organic unity of socialism utility under the condition of socialist market economy, the unity of purpose value and instrumental value of ethics, therefore, should be part of the moral system in contemporary China play utilitarianism as a positive effect on the incentive mechanism of social progress, and to add moral principles of fairness and justice".

The birth and maturity of utilitarianism in Britain and its wide application in various fields make it a far-reaching ideological theory. We should not only see the advantages of utilitarianism, but also cannot ignore the disadvantages of utilitarianism. At present, China is in a critical period of development and a critical stage of reform, and various social problems are prominent. Under such circumstances, how to rationally use utilitarianism without taking it as the only principle of individual behavior and governance has a particularly profound significance for China's future and development.

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