Essay代写：The black death in medieval England－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The black death in medieval England，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了中世纪英国的黑死病。13世纪，黑死病在英国的梅尔科姆港爆发，其传播速度极为迅猛，在半年多一点的时间里就传遍了整个英格兰，黑死病对英国社会最直接的冲击和影响体现在它对欧洲人生命的严重威胁。另外也造成了劳动力的锐减，增长乏力，长期停滞不前。黑死病的蔓延不仅造成人口锐减和经济崩溃，也使社会政治秩序陷于动荡和混乱。

As human beings enter the 21st century, various infectious diseases occur frequently, which have a great impact on human health and socio-economic development. By studying the medieval Britain's response to the black death and response measures, the main purpose is to let people can truly taking history as a mirror, a lesson, and summarizes the achievements of human disaster experience, explore the effective measures to deal with sudden, catastrophic diseases, reduce the influence of the disaster to human beings, and promote the development of human health and the social economy.

The term "black death" is familiar to people today; But it is actually a modern term that was not used until 1832 AD. People in the middle ages called the havoc they had named "the great plague," "the great death," or "the great catastrophe." In the past, people believed that the reason why the black death was so called was that the patient showed black spots and turned black all over the body. In fact, this was a misunderstanding. "black" here does not mainly mean color, but refers to the "terror" and "horror" of the plague, which is the universal meaning given by human beings to black. Foreign academic circles think that this word appears to be the Latin name of plague in Scandinavian or English, which isa misunderstanding of "pestisatra" or "atra mors". Because in the 14th century, "atra mors" had a frightening and black connotation, and had nothing to do with any clinical symptoms. Terrible... terrible... terrible... terrible... terrible... terrible... terrible... terrible... terrible... terrible... terrible... terrible... terrible...

In June 1348, the black death landed in the English port of melcombe. The plague, which arose in the deserts and gobi of central Asia, spread westward through central Asia to the Mediterranean, and by merchant ships to Italy, and then to the Atlantic coast and throughout Europe. In October 1348, all the counties in the west of England were under the shadow of the black death. By the spring of 1349, when the weather turned warm, the black death had spread all over Britain along the rivers and coastlines.

The spread of the black death in Britain was extremely rapid, and spread throughout England within a little more than half a year. The most direct impact and impact of the black death on British society was reflected in its serious threat to European lives. The black death was spread in Europe in the form of a mixture of bubonic plague, pneumonic plague and septicaemic plague. It was characterized by high mortality, strong repeatability and infectivity, as well as the backward medical level in the middle ages. This disease was basically incurable. Patients in the onset of disease, more than four or five days, less than a few hours, they died. On the eve of the black death, the total population of Britain was between 4 million and 5 million, which dropped to 2.5 million in 1377. Among them, London lost 100,000 lives in this disaster. Overall, the death rate of the black death in Britain was more than 45%, far higher than the total loss in the hundred years' war between Britain and France. Stability in the UK the diocese of Fan Haim leicester, the composed of ten independent village in central England the richest region has the largest population, there are 3500 people in 1348, in the summer of 1349, 740 families have destroyed 185 homes, the rest of the year in 1349 and 1349 people were killed and mortality rate in more than 40% of the whole area; In three villages in cambridgeshire, the death rate was 53 per cent, 57 per cent and 70 per cent, respectively. The black death visited England five times between 1361 and 1391. In 1382 a fifth of the population was destroyed and 11,000 people died in Yorkshire.

In addition, during the black death, public health in many large cities was very poor. The city's air was already polluted by "rancid filth that ran down the streets and into the heart of the Thames. It was common for animals and people to share the same room. It was common for five or six people to be crammed into one bed. Feces and mud are everywhere in the city and in the rooms. In this context, cities are breeding grounds for germs, personal hygiene is poor, and high mortality rates are not surprising.

Europe was devastated by the black death. Zhu xiaoyuan believes that three conditions are necessary to resist natural disasters like the black death: a sound administrative system, sufficient economic capacity and good cultural and spiritual support. These three conditions were not available in Europe before and after the black death, so in the face of nature, human beings seemed to shrink and shrink, and the two secular circles resigned themselves to the continuous death of people. Soon, the situation of economic depression appeared in Europe. Wherever the black death went, homes were abandoned, cities were deserted, factories and mines were abandoned, ongoing construction projects were forced to stop, normal economic life was halted, and the production of materials needed for human clothing, food, housing and transportation was destroyed, thus making the feudal society and economy in Europe fall into an unprecedented state of disorder. This period has been called by western historians "the darkest period of the middle ages".

The most direct impact of the black death on the European economy is the sharp decline in labor force, sluggish growth and long-term stagnation. The specific death toll has been described above. Sheet in terms of the UK population changes, "ahead of the black death in 1348, in England, wales population between 4, five million, 1377 to 2.5 million, England's population is still less than 2.26 million in 1525, during the reign of Henry viii, a significant feature in the history of the British population is stagnant population growth, this phenomenon continued until the 1520 s." Human is the main factor of productive forces, and the increase or decrease of human quantity and quality will cause the fluctuation of the whole society. The shortage of labor force caused the urban decay, large areas of farmland barren, the entire social and economic wither. In cities, the late 14th century England has a population of more than 4000 people in 12 major cities and towns, only after the black death in London, the stern test, Sally and Newcastle Canterbury successfully stopped the massive recession, to keep the original size, all other towns is decline, the vast region and wales in the southwest of Britain into a wasteland. The shortage of labor force is very serious due to the decrease of population. In Britain, after the black death, women and children were forced to take part in farming. The chronicle of England says: "the workers were so proud and obstinate that they did not heed the king's decree. If anyone wanted to hire them, they had to meet their demands, or lose their fruits and crops, or satisfy their most arrogant and greedy desires... ".

The spread of the black death not only caused a sharp decline in population and economic collapse, but also brought social and political order into turmoil and chaos. In 1349, the British government promulgated the "labor law", which stipulates that people who have the ability to work must work at the wages before the black death, or go to prison. If a worker leaves before the expiration of his contract, he shall be imprisoned. And to cope with the financial difficulties of the hundred years' war, the poll tax tripled between 1377 and 1381. This kind of backwardness aroused the anger of the working people, and the peasants and citizens began to realize the unfair treatment they had received, and started to resist. Finally, in 1381, the peasant uprising led by watt Taylor broke out. Although these uprisings of the lower classes failed in the end, they shocked the whole European society and gradually changed the political and class structure. The out-of-control of rural and urban order reflects the sharp class conflict after the black death and the rise of general social discontent, which played a certain role in destroying the feudal system in the middle ages. The black death in the middle of the 14th century was the prelude to the great changes from medieval Europe to modern society. The black death was a tragic, economically impoverished, food-starved, food-price inflation, morally bankrupt, broken homes, collapsed churches, paralyzed governments, and a picture of the end of the world. Like dominoes, the devastating destruction caused by the black death had a chain reaction and had a huge impact and shock on European society in the middle ages.

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