国际经济制裁对商务活动的影响-英国Essay范文－r51due

英国essay论文精选范文：“国际经济制裁对商务活动的影响”，这篇论文讨论了国际经济制裁对商务活动的影响。国际经济制裁是指际国环境中，由一个或多个国际行为主体发起的，基于一定目的而实施的强制性经济措施，如禁止进口和出口、中断与被制裁的各种经济联系、冻结资产和账户等，目的在于改变被制裁体的政策行为或向被制裁体传达某种意见。

With the deepening of economic globalization and international economic sanctions as a means of political and economic use is increasingly common, a country once economic sanctions by other countries, its negative impact less than war, to society and the nation as a whole will be seriously affected. For China, and Viet Nam's "anti-China" riots, Japan Islands, huangyan Island incident in the Philippines, and so on are all adversely affect our trading environment. From an external perspective of international business environment, international economic situation is complex, have of trade protectionism trend. Once with the cooperation of foreign enterprises in China has been sanctions, China could increase bargaining chips, but may also be a dilemma, carefully chosen partner is Chinese business a top priority. In such circumstances, we explore the impact of international sanctions against the foreign trade activities.

On international economic sanctions of defined compared fuzzy, paper think international economic sanctions is refers to inter country environment in the, by a or multiple international behavior subject launched of, based on must purpose and implementation of mandatory economic measures, as ban imports and export, and interrupted and was sanctions of various economic contact, and freeze assets and account,, purpose is change was sanctions body of policy behavior or to was sanctions body convey a species views. International economic sanctions have different classified according to different criteria, this paper will international economic sanctions by varying severity can be divided into the following categories:

Boycott: refers to individuals, businesses, or a comprehensive measures taken by the State, its expression is sanctioned organizations, to refuse any aim or direction, to compel the sanctions stop or change its behavior. For example, Japan official visits to the shrine, some Chinese citizens dissatisfied, began a boycott of Japanese goods; because of the Diaoyu Islands incident, boycotts of Japanese goods intensified, Japan's major brands such as Toyota, Honda's auto sales dropped significantly.

Economic embargo: international organizations, regional organizations or a country to complete commercial embargo sanctions, which resist tougher, because its release is the Government orders have the force of law. For example, to punish and deter North Korea's nuclear program, United States and its allies, the United Nations Security Council through its implementation of arms embargo, industrial equipment and raw materials, luxury goods.

The economic blockade: a comprehensive expansion of the embargo will become an economic blockade. Blockade causes total paralysis of the target behavior. Air embargo against road and waterway closures will result in sanctions of shipping, water transport and paralyzed by land. It is not only in the form of an economic blockade, including harsh political and diplomatic embargo, as well as personnel exchanges to sanctioned countries.

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Economic coercion: this is the most severe economic sanctions, forcing target State or subject country do its usually done or even refuse to do things, targeted State apart from sanctions, there is no other way out. Is generally subject to State against relying too much on sanctions certain types of products as its main economic factors.

First of all, economic sanctions undermined the normal collection process such as guarantees, collections, or of the exporting Party may face trade freeze, goods, documents have been issued to situation of not receiving payment; whereas importers may face can't take delivery because of the documents seized and other risks.

Secondly, economic sanctions in principle, undermined the independence of letter of credit. UCP600 4th "letter of credit with the contract" provides that: "by its very nature, letter of credit are independent of the underlying transaction sale contracts and other contracts traded. Even if a credit contains calcium in any award of the contract, banks also had nothing to do with the contract or is not bound by the contract. "These measures fully reflects the principle of independence or autonomy of the credit, the letter of credit are independent of its underlying contract. However, as measures and more frequent severe international economic sanctions, the independence of letter of credit are continually challenged. Open card line because subject Yu international economic sanctions measures, to trading both, and carrier, and transport tool, and discharge Hong Kong or origin by sanctions for by, refused to paid credit items Xia of match make single, gradually formed has "sanctions exception" of situation; open card line of documents processing agent also to also of reasons, seized or back sent match documents, these behavior damage has credit independence of principles, serious effect has normal of international settlement order.

Finally, for the purposes of engaging in import and export business, which the Bank, as international trade settlement, the Middle, the Bank is providing an intermediary service for exporting Party and the importing party, which charges a service fee. But the banks had no knowledge or is not involved in the case, accidentally to sanction business financing, banks are likely to face hefty fines. And thus affected their subsequent financing services and reduce your credit.

Act prohibited in some countries subject to sanctions and provides insurance, reinsurance and financial services. As of the 2010 United States comprehensive Iran sanctions, accountability and Divestment Act (referred to as CISADA) provisions prohibiting United States subject to contribute directly to Iran imported petroleum products and provides insurance, reinsurance, financial services, or ban on the provision of marine transportation services, but the President considers relevant subject ban services has made reasonable efforts to implement certain policies, can be exempted.

On insurance of sanctions terms, if for United Nations sanctions of content, in members within usually to into for domestic method only has binding; if for EU sanctions of content, can directly in EU members within effective, on other national not has effectiveness; if for United States sanctions of content, General for unilateral rules, but for United States financial institutions throughout global, and abroad financial institutions most settled in United States, so its effectiveness also can extends whole international social. Insurance as a financial service network system based on broad global operations, especially in Europe and the developed business-intensive and, therefore, once the European and American economic sanctions to take effect, will be directly at the international level have an impact on marine insurance activities.

After the sanctions, insurance institutions for risk control purposes cease to be the object of sanctions or provide new insurance service. Insurance services provided for sanctions occurred before the performance, or whether, upon the occurrence of the insured claims, from theoretical analysis. Insurers usually reject claims on grounds of contract frustration and force majeure. Therefore, the development and implementation of international economic sanctions, insurance and marine insurance claims is theoretically an impediment.

First of all, economic sanctions impact on the operation of the ship. Ship as a carrier of international transport, construction, management, insurance undertakings are involving many factors. Shipping companies under economic sanctions, the ownership and control of ships will also be affected, the carrier or the ship leasing in the use of ships, or when facing rental, freight freeze risks to make the ship in shipping on the way into a dilemma. Economic sanctions will directly reduce shipping power in the international shipping market and increased shipping costs.

Secondly, the impact of economic sanctions on risks during shipping. While some ports the ship because the ship as a ship of sanctioned countries or the ship carrying some or all products from sanctioned countries, at the time of shipping after sanctions port was seized, or through the port to ship cargo, a limit on the number, this kind of behavior for international trade on time, on quality transport services form a big stumbling block.

Finally, the economic sanctions reduced freight volumes. Economic sanctions provisions directly prohibiting the import or export of certain categories of goods, generally large, primary, original product is detained, reduced the cargo boom directly on the cargo and transport markets to international trade.

For enterprises, first of all, enterprises should carefully select the trading partner, and selected alternative partner cannot be an enterprise relying. Secondly, the exporting Party must choose a reputable bank credit more protection than the collection, Exchange, but also pay attention to pore over the terms of the letter of credit, avoid soft clauses fraud. Finally, as an international business, import and export must at all times observe the international political environment, avoid because they do not understand the international political environment and making the wrong decision. As a Bank, to improve the review system, strengthen the construction of internal control, trying to avoid the losses arising from the business of taking sanctions. As an insurer, you can try to establish its self transport and insurance systems.

For States, first of all, sound risk prevention mechanisms, before the international economic sanctions do not appear, in all sectors of its economy to develop the adaptability to international economic sanctions. Secondly, in the face of economic sanctions, by taking effective measures and programmes against unreasonable sanctions on other countries, breaking the sanctions. Finally, the sanctions occurred, due to the highly sensitive areas protected, give full play to the role of Government, avoid the consequences of sanctions on it.

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