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下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American military aid policy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的军援政策。军事援助不同于发展援助、人道主义援助等其他援助形式的根本之处在于其“军事”属性。行动纲领变了，美国的军援政策也随之而变。美国军援是因变量，真正的自变量是美国的全球战略利益。

"9.11 impact to the United States is reflected in all aspects of the country, one of the major military assistance policy adjustment is performed. Throughout the cold war, the U.S. military assistance to foreign countries has been focused on "anti-communist". After the collapse of the Soviet union, the U.S. once played down the importance of military aid. Until "9.11" incident, the United States began to strengthen military assistance policy, "anti-communist" is replaced by the "war on terror", led all American military assistance activities in the 21st century. With "9.11" event as the cut-off point, the changes in the American military assistance policy is mainly manifested in the following two points: the name of the United States against terrorism, created a large number of recipients.

"9.11" incident, the bush administration quickly increased a lot of military aid. The largest U.S. military assistance program, foreign military assistance, increased from $3.57 billion in fiscal 2001 to $4.12 billion in fiscal 2003, and an additional $372.5 million in the 2002 budget was devoted to counterterrorism. Recipients include Oman, Nepal, Ethiopia and djibouti. The international military education and training program was budgeted at $80 million in fiscal 2003, up 38 percent from $58 million in fiscal 2001.

Pakistan white has been under U.S. sanctions after nuclear test in 1998, but after the "9.11", a key location for the urgent need of Pakistan for its support in the war in Afghanistan, quickly restored military aid to Pakistan. U.S. military assistance to Pakistan reached $300 million in fiscal 2006, double the amount in fiscal 2004. According to Pakistan's dawn on July 25, reported this year, the U.S. government has decided to put the original plan in April to help Pakistan update or repair maritime patrol aircraft, helicopter gunships and navigation equipment purchase of a $226 million aid against terrorism, to help Pakistan improve upgrade its F - 16 fighter aircraft electronic radar equipment, ground navigation equipment and communications equipment in real time.

In 2004, the United States government provided a total of $36.4 million in military assistance to cis countries to help members of the counter-terrorism alliance. In return for $11m in military aid, uzbekistan agreed to a "semi-permanent" American base on its territory. The other largest beneficiary was Georgia, which also received $10 million, as well as kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Armenia, azerbaijan, moldova, turkmenistan and tajikistan. In particular, azerbaijan and tajikistan were targeted by the United States in 2001.

In the late cold war, Africa became a focus of military assistance because of the need of the United States and the Soviet union for hegemony. However, after the end of the cold war, its international status declined as a whole and its external assistance was greatly reduced. "9.11" incident also broke the peace in Africa, since 2001 the United States has increased development assistance to Africa. U.S. aid to the region grew 56% in real terms at the end of fiscal 2004 and 78% between 2000 and 2005. "Foreign military aid to sub-saharan Africa" double funding from $2000 in fiscal 12 million to $24 million in fiscal 2006, recipient also increased from 1 to 9: "the international military education and training" program also increased from $2000 in fiscal 8.1 million to $2006 in fiscal 11 million, up 35%, participating countries increased from 36 to 47.

The United States has produced 11 security assistance programs as a result of the "global war on terror." Its concept of foreign aid is different from that of many other donor countries. One prominent feature is that the primary objective of foreign aid is defined as "national interest". Changes and adjustments in U.S. military assistance have always strengthened the role of this "political weapon" in serving the national interests of the United States.

On April 15, 2008, U.S. defense secretary Robert gates called on congress to transfer the leadership of the U.S. foreign military assistance program from the state department to the defense department, and to endow the defense department with the authority to make it permanent. Gates made the request on the grounds that the U.S. military assistance program is a key and long-term military mission of the United States and has nothing to do with other government departments other than the department of defense, and the relevant authority and funding mechanism should be led by the department of defense. Secretary rice endorsed gates' proposal and affirmed the irreplaceable role of the defense department in military assistance. "9.11" before American military aid is traditionally part of the diplomatic work, jurisdiction by the state council. The state department of the United States is the most important institution in the field of foreign aid policy. According to the opinions of the state department on the geographical distribution of recipient countries proposed in accordance with the needs and standards of American foreign and security policies, the congress determines the recipient countries, aid fields and aid quotas, and then the state department and the department of defense are responsible for the implementation and management. But after "9.11", the defense department began to increasingly occupied the main position in terms of military assistance. "9.11" event to bring the United States, prompted the government to strengthen the security cooperation between functional integration. In this way, the adverse impact of interdepartmental and intergroup containment on U.S. military aid may be better controlled.

As early as 40 years ago, Hans morgenthau, a political scientist, pointed out that "since the Marshall plan, all foreign military and economic assistance of the United States has shown quite profound foreign policy significance, almost all of which focus on short-term or long-term strategic interests, political or economic security interests...".

Although American military assistance after the "9.11" on the "war on terror", but was unable to hide the new military assistance targeted distribution of America's strategic resources - oil pressing needs. Because of concerns about oil supplies, military assistance to the 10 largest U.S. oil importers increased 3.5 times between 2001 and 2004, from $12.2 million in fiscal 2001 to $58 million in 2004. Nigeria not only meets America's urgent need for oil, but also meets the conditions of America's Allies in the war on terror. Therefore, the military assistance provided by the United States to Nigeria increased from 90,000 dollars in 1999 to 4,075-dollars in 2003.

"9.11" after five years, the direct sales business is increased by about $66 billion for five years before, expanded 11 times. Countries once subject to sanctions, such as India, Pakistan, Armenia, azerbaijan and tajikistan, have been lifted because of America's need to "fight terrorism", thus expanding the market for American arms sales. In Africa, the main targets of U.S. military assistance are Algeria, Chad, djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania and Niger. Some of these countries are dominated by the oil industry, while others are rich in mineral resources. Djibouti, located on the west coast of the gulf of Aden in northeast Africa, is a sentry on the oil passage known around the world. It is not difficult to see from the geographical location of these countries that the United States chooses recipient countries on the basis of giving priority to recipient countries' strategic position in geopolitics. In fact, behind America's military aid slotting across the world map lies its deep oil crisis. In the 1990s, the United States maintained 12 consecutive years of rapid growth by relying on cheap oil in the international market, but since the late 1990s, the turbulent international oil market has become an important reason for the economic downturn of the United States. In 2002, the United States produced only 280 million tons of its own oil, while oil consumption was about 890 million tons, accounting for about one-third of the world's total oil consumption. "9.11" incident makes us realize that the dangers of excessive reliance on Middle East oil, so the renewed focus on Africa. According to an assessment by the national intelligence council, the share of us oil imports from west Africa will rise from 16 per cent in 2000 to 25 per cent in 2015, surpassing the proportion from the Middle East. In a 2007 report, the U.S. department of energy also noted that Africa will account for 24 percent of U.S. energy imports by 2025. As a result, U.S. investment in oil and gas in Africa has increased in recent years: total investment in equatorial guinea has exceeded $11 billion, and investment in Nigeria and Angola has also increased. Anadarko is the largest foreign oil producer in Algeria and Egypt. The United States also plays an important role in Chad's oil production, investing $4 billion in a cameroonian pipeline project in Chad.

The severity of the situation has made the United States realize that to obtain cheap oil, it must control the organization of petroleum exporting countries and curb the implementation of other countries' international energy strategies. To achieve this goal, military assistance has become an important tool for the United States. For example, in order to incorporate five central Asian countries, especially kazakhstan, tajikistan and kyrgyzstan, which border China, into their energy strategies, the United States used military assistance to induce the kazakh government to abandon the china-kazakhstan oil pipeline project. Meanwhile, the United States has doubled the number of joint military exercises between the United States and kazakhstan every year since 2002. U.S. arms sales to kazakhstan were budgeted for more than $20 million in the 2007-2008 fiscal year.

Even for Israel, American aid is not free. Under U.S. government regulations, about 73 percent of foreign aid must be sourced domestically. In order to ensure that the Israeli army can use foreign capital to purchase military equipment developed by Israel, most Israeli companies can only cross the sea to have close contact with American defense companies, or set up branches in the United States. If the equipment developed by Israel is to be manufactured in the United States, patent problems also need to be solved.

The fundamental difference between military aid and other forms of aid such as development aid and humanitarian aid lies in its "military" nature. American global strategy adjustment mainly embodies in four direction, appropriate to reduce the forces in Europe, especially to reduce the forces in Western Europe j adjustment in South Korea, Japan's deployment, increases the strength of Guam, Australia, southeast Asia, the purpose is to establish a radar base in the Asia Pacific region, to build the missile defense program is required for satellite tracking facilities; Continue to maintain the military presence in the Middle East, central Asia and South Asia, in addition to further consolidate in uzbekistan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, kazakhstan and other countries outside force, seeking admittance and bases in India, Pakistan's military, in addition to continue to expand the scale of the military base in djibouti, also to Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Gabon, Kenya, Senegal and other African countries seek bases, ports, airports and other facilities of the wartime access rights.

As the program of action changed, so did U.S. military aid policy. In fiscal year 2007, the us department of state submitted a total of 4.8 billion us dollars in military aid budget, reflecting the corresponding changes in the relationship between the us military aid and the us global strategic deployment adjustment: Israel and Egypt still occupy the largest share, aid to Europe and the western hemisphere has decreased, Pakistan and Jordan are among the second group of recipient countries; increase its share in Lebanon by $4.8 million and Indonesia by $6.5 million, respectively; Under the state council, proposed to increase funding of peacekeeping in Africa to $76.9 million, will include Sudan and Libya and across the Sahara anti-terrorism action plan, to implement in Asia "regional maritime security solution" allocated $2 million, aims to help Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand Asian coastal states such as improving the capacity of information sharing. It is not difficult to see that American military assistance is only a dependent variable, and the real independent variable is the global strategic interests of the United States.

In February 2007, President bush approved the plan of establishing the us Africa command. Under the cloak of anti-terrorism, the intention of strengthening the us military presence in Africa and thus controlling oil resources serves the national interests of the us. "Do as much as possible with less money" is a common feature of American foreign aid, including military aid. The establishment of the us Africa command is conducive to the establishment of a more effective African-led military intervention force, thus reducing the direct involvement of the us military.

Above all, American military assistance policy changes behind, is essentially the impact of the "9.11" incident, the driving force of economic interests and the global strategy together with the guidance of the three. Maintaining the national interest in the dynamic development is the reason why America's military aid policy is always changing.

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