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本篇paper代写- The European Union's carbon emissions trading system讨论了欧盟碳排放交易体系。欧盟碳排放权交易体系在全球起步较早、规模最大，在全球碳市场中占据着主导地位。多年的实践表明运行效果良好，已成为全球总量控制模式下市场化交易典范。欧盟碳排放交易体系有效运行的基础是对碳排放权的合理分配，并且有其一系列严格的制度，通过经济惩罚督促成员国、企业履约。本篇论文代写范文由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In the context of global warming, ecological and environmental problems have become the focus of the international community. The international community has reached consensus on building a long-term mechanism for energy conservation and emission reduction, controlling carbon dioxide emissions, and pursuing green and low-carbon economic development with low pollution, energy consumption and emissions. At present, carbon emission trading systems have been successively established around the world, such as the Chicago climate trading system, the Australian greenhouse gas emission reduction trading system and the European Union carbon emission trading system. Among them, the European Union carbon emission right trading system started earlier in the world, has the largest scale, and occupies the leading position in the global carbon market. The practice of many years shows that the operation effect is good and it has become a model of market transaction under the global total control mode. At present, China has become the largest carbon emitter in the world. How to build an effective carbon emission trading system, promote the transformation of economic development mode, and realize energy conservation and emission reduction has become an urgent problem to be solved.

2015 is the 10th year that the eu's emissions trading system has been in operation. The European commission has adopted legislation to stipulate the real right of carbon emission, namely the emission trade directive, which realizes emission reduction at the lowest cost. The "cap and trade" mode is adopted to stipulate the upper limit of emission right of each member state and industries with high energy consumption and high pollution, namely "eu emission permit". The market trading platform of eu carbon emission right trading system is constructed, and the combination of total control and quota allocation is implemented. For enterprises with surplus emission quotas, they can leave the rest for later use or put it on the market to make profits. Those who fail to meet the emission quota are the demand side, and they must go to the market to buy the quota, or they will face huge economic penalties, such as a fine of 100 euros per standard ton of carbon dioxide for excess emission. Through direct market control, economic incentives and other means, the government, enterprises and individuals to achieve free trading, promote enterprises to fulfill the social responsibility of energy saving and emission reduction. Since the implementation of the trading mode of carbon emission rights in the eu, the total carbon emissions have been effectively controlled. According to the data released by eurostat, the carbon emissions in 2014 were about 1.812 billion tons, down 4.5% from the same period last year. In particular, its trading system has successfully connected with Japan, Canada, Norway and other countries, which has enriched and improved the trading mode of carbon emission rights.

By May 2015, the eu carbon emission trading system has covered 31 European countries and 11,000 power plants, factories and airlines. These industries account for more than 50 percent of greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union and more than 80 percent of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, the implementation of the eu carbon emission trading system has adopted a gradual "moderate" approach, giving certain time to promote the rectification, transformation and upgrading of enterprises. The eu carbon emission trading system innovatively adopts a phased operation mechanism, which is divided into three stages. The first stage is the trial stage from 2005 to 2007. Emissions trading is limited to carbon dioxide, and the carbon allowances given to member states are free. The second stage is from 2008 to 2012. The quota allocation system was adjusted by adding methane, HFCS and other six types into the trading system. In particular, the scope of the industry continues to expand, including the aviation sector into EUETS regulation in 2012. The third stage is the emission reduction stage from 2013 to 2020. We aim to reduce carbon emissions by 21 percent from 1990 levels by 2020. Data show that the eu's greenhouse gas emissions in 2014 have been reduced by about 20% compared with 1990, and the third-phase target can almost be exceeded. This led to the adoption of the 2030 climate and energy policy framework at the 2014 eu summit, which set a new target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030 compared with 1990. On the whole, the phased carbon emission trading system adopted by the eu has achieved good results, and the carbon emissions of most eu countries have shown a downward trend. For example, in 2014, the carbon emissions of Slovakia, Denmark and Slovenia were reduced by 14.1%, 10.7% and 9.1% respectively.

The effective operation of the eu carbon emission trading system is based on the rational allocation of carbon emission rights. Carbon emission right trading itself is built on the credit mechanism. If the quota is too loose, it may lead to credit overflow, lose the effect of energy saving and emission reduction, or even cause the price of carbon emission right to fall sharply, which cannot fairly restrain enterprises to save energy and reduce consumption, and affect the good operation of the exchange system. The eu's cap-and-trade system USES a "cap and trade" model, with an overall 8% cut. Due to the different economic development of the member states, the simple average allocation is bound to be unfair and even aggravate the wealth gap between countries. Therefore, eu carbon emission quota allocation is based on the principle of common but different allocation. For example, for Luxembourg, Greece, Denmark and other economically developed member countries, the emission reduction target is about 20%. For countries with lagging economies, such as the poorest Bulgaria, a 20 per cent increase in emissions would be granted, but not for Malta or Cyprus. Member states further allocate carbon emission quotas to enterprises in accordance with their national economic development and industrial adjustment goals, so as to promote enterprises' awareness of energy conservation and emission reduction and put them into effect. On the whole, the quota allocation of eu carbon emission rights fully takes into account the actual economic development of its member states, and the emission reduction standards are formulated in a scientific, reasonable and balanced way. For example, as an economically developed country, Germany's emission quota was 499Mt from 2005 to 2007, 453.1mt from 2008 to 2012 and 412.4mt from 2013 to 2020. The emission quota of Bulgaria from 2005 to 2020 is 42.3mt, which aims to promote the economic development of Bulgaria and has low requirements for energy saving and consumption reduction.

The eu carbon emission trading system has a series of strict systems, urging member states and enterprises to fulfill their commitments through economic penalties. If each carbon emission enterprise must apply for the carbon emission permit, and provides the carbon emission related information, otherwise cannot engage in the task transaction activity. Companies must comply with the regulations in production and operation. If they exceed the prescribed carbon emissions, they must hedge their actual carbon emissions through market transactions. If they default, they will be fined a huge sum of money. Statistics show that from 2005 to 2009, the compliance rate of eu carbon emission enterprises exceeded 98%, and from 2010 to 2014, the compliance rate increased to more than 99%. At the same time, the eu has set up an independent trading journal, which accurately tracks and records the carbon emissions of member states and carbon emission enterprises, and verifies and supervises the trading. The carbon emission right trading of each account can only be confirmed and effectively delivered after verification, which avoids false trading and improves the reliability and credibility of the emission trading system. After being verified by an independent certification authority, the report is regularly made public to enhance public trust and promote enterprises to fulfill their social responsibilities.

In the form of legislation, the property right function of carbon emission is defined to provide legal and institutional support for the construction of the carbon emission right trading system, which can effectively realize the whole society's energy saving and emission reduction, and reduce the organization cost and implementation cost. Drawing on the successful experience of the eu, we should construct the system structure of China's carbon emission trading system from multiple dimensions. The principle of "total control" of carbon emission right is determined, including emission reduction target, total emission, trading object and time limit. The implementation of the quota system, in full consideration of regional economic development differences on the basis of the scientific design of carbon emission right quota initial allocation and redistribution principles, to promote the coordinated development of China's regional economy. For example, the eastern region enjoys rapid economic development and severe ecological damage, and adopts green and low-carbon development strategies to strictly control carbon emissions. We will establish a sound system for trading carbon credits and set up an independent department to monitor and verify the carbon emissions of enterprises. We will strictly control the issuance of permits for carbon emissions, establish a regulatory penalty system for the carbon market, and use the proceeds for ecological restoration and environmental protection.

In terms of environmental governance, the total amount of carbon emission rights will be determined by taking into account factors such as economic development, environmental quality and technological level. At present, China is in a critical period of economic restructuring, but also facing the severe pressure of environmental pollution. Therefore, when setting the total amount of carbon emissions, it cannot be achieved overnight. It should combine the advanced experience of the eu with China's national conditions. At the same time, China's vast territory, economic and ecological development is quite different, the implementation of a unified national carbon emission standards is not appropriate. The "total volume control" can be carried out in stages in light of the changing circumstances and local conditions. For example, since 2013, pan pearl river delta has implemented the green development strategy of cross-provincial cooperation, and moved boiler manufacturers out of the city. However, it is not enough to move out of the city. The carbon emission of boiler manufacturers must be fundamentally solved through the trading mode of "total quantity -- quota". The total carbon emission of each province and city is designed scientifically from the national level, and each province and city is allocated to each emission entity enterprise according to the actual science of local development.

Phase-wise progression is the biggest feature of the eu's carbon emission trading system, and also provides reliable experience for the construction of China's carbon emission trading system. China should learn from the experience of the European Union, build a dynamic operation mode, and adjust and improve the carbon emission trading system according to the operation data and problems found in each stage. The trading objects are adopted in a progressive manner. In the first stage, the industries with large carbon emissions, such as thermal power plants and iron and steel enterprises, are determined. In the subsequent stage, the trading objects are gradually expanded, such as aviation enterprises and high-energy-consuming manufacturing industries. Adopt a progressive approach to greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide in the trading system in the first stage, and then gradually expand to six greenhouse gases. The allocation method of carbon quota will be adjusted dynamically. In the first stage, all carbon quota will be issued free of charge and gradually transferred to auction. On the whole, the construction of China's carbon emission trading system is a long-term process, which can be more easily accepted and implemented by the whole society in a shallow and deep way.

The essence of constructing carbon emission right trading system is to commercialize carbon emission right as a scarce resource. Only by introducing market automatic regulation and constraint mechanism can the marketization of carbon emission resources be promoted. From the experience of the eu in implementing the carbon emission trading system, the initial allocation of carbon emission right before it is put into the exchange secondary market determines whether the system can be successfully promoted. At present, there are three main ways for the initial allocation of carbon emission right: free distribution, price sale and auction. It is more reasonable to combine free distribution with valuable sale in the pilot of 7 provinces and cities in China. At present, there are a large number of labor-intensive small and medium-sized enterprises in China. At the same time, accurate emission data makes allocation quota more scientific. Combined with the valuable selling method, it can strengthen the enthusiasm of enterprises in energy saving and emission reduction, and promote the flexibility and efficiency of carbon emission right allocation.

Improving the financial system can promote the standard operation of the carbon emission trading system and avoid risks such as market, operation and credit. Financial departments should jointly build carbon trading platforms, including Banks, securities, funds and trusts, to promote the standardized operation of carbon market and integrate carbon emission right resources. More efforts should be made to train financial professionals, such as sending them abroad to study eu experience, so as to provide strong support for the development of the carbon emission trading system. The financial sector has gradually improved the social credit system, and the energy conservation supervision department can timely and accurately obtain enterprise information through the platform, so as to facilitate the supervision and verification of carbon emissions. Strengthen the analysis of trading platform data, balance the supply and demand of carbon emission rights, and promote efficient and low-cost trading. To build a diversified carbon emission right trading market, in addition to the traditional trading direct participants, regulatory departments and auditing departments, social groups with environmental awareness should also be introduced. As a third party, social groups and auditing departments shall jointly regulate the trading order, strengthen market supervision and avoid the abuse of carbon emission rights.

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