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本篇paper代写- A Discussion Of Effects Of Native Americans’ Gambling On Economy And Social Relationship of Native Americans讨论了印第安人的赌博行业。印第安人的赌博行业对印第安人经济和社会关系的影响是巨大的，并且具有双重作用。在经济方面，联邦政府和相关法律允许的印度博彩业在发展成为一个大而繁荣的产业的同时，给印第安人带来了巨大的利润，产生了良好的经济效益。但除了巨大的经济效益之外，负面影响也是存在的，这里的主要问题是由于赌博的收入和利润分配不均，导致了其他犯罪活动的发生。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

After Columbus discovered the new continent, the Indians' unique way of life and cultural traditions changed dramatically as a result of the arrival of white colonists, whose economic situation was going worse and lived at the edge of bankruptcy. In the history of the United States, the native people have been discriminated against by the European people, and they are completely excluded from the mainstream community. As a result, many Indians painfully find themselves unable to recognize their identity, and some dare not admit to that they have Indian descent. The change in the status of the tragic Indians has to be attributed to the surge in the income of the Indian gambling industry and the increase in the government's preferential policies for ethnic minorities. In 1987, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled the case of California v. Cabazon Band, and the results supported the legal rights of the American Indian tribes to open casinos in the reserve. Since then, the casino program within in Indian tribes has been much more successful in reversing the migration and poverty of American Indians than all other anti-poverty programs. The US Congress passed the Rules in 1988 about Indians' Gambling, namely The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 (IGRA) , allowing them to operate casinos in reserves, and since then, the Indian economy has undergone a radical change.

However, there are still a lot of controversy related to the running of casinos and legalization of gambling of the Indian people. The people who supported the program praised it as the solution to a series of social problems of the American Indians, leaving the barren Indian settlements out of poverty, unemployment and dependence on social welfare. As far as the existing options to change the social problems of the American Indians are concerned, many people naturally regard the casino as a gold mine and a form of development, which , despite the controversy, is indeed needed. However, the supporters of it and a large number of of Indians people are less willing to admit the price they need to pay: social contradictions, tribal factions struggle and cultural hostility after the occurrence of this kind of opportunity to get out of poverty. Thus, it is necessary to have a discussion of effects of native American gambling on economy and social relationship of native Americans.

The Indian gambling industry developed by Indians has developed into a large, and prospering industry, which brings about huge profits and achieve good economical effects on native American. To solve this problem of slugging economy of the Indian people, the US Supreme Court ruled that the Indians were allowed to gamble in their reserved areas, and the federal and state governments granted the Indian tribe engaged in the gaming without paying duty. It is thus making the gambling industry of the Indian tribes develop rapidly and has become a shortcut for many of them to getting rich. In 2002, there are about 321 casinos owned and operated by 2,0 Indian tribes with the net revenues reached a large number. There is a 7.4% increase in per capita income and reductions in family and child poverty rates in gaming reservations(Anderson, 291). It is no doubt that the gambling industry is the most successful economic development that the Indians have made in the 20th century. The opening of a casino is beneficial to poor Indians. Their gambling industry income in turn can be invested in school education and health care and other public facilities, which is to bring some much lasting and long term benefits to the Indian people.

However, despite the huge economical benefits, there are problems of inequality and widening of the gap between the rich and poor within the Indian tribes with the unequal distribution of incomes and profits of gambling among the Indian tribes, and occurrence of other criminal activities. It is true that the opening of a casino can help alleviate the poverty problem within the Indian tribes , but in fact only a small group of people profit from it. Large and medium casinos have more changes in well-being but smaller casinos do not, such as the Navajo reservation without gaming(Anderson, 291). For example, one of the most big casinos opened by the Indians, such as the Potawatomi Bingo Casino (Milwaukee, Wisc.) of 780,000 square feet in are generally owned by hundreds of Indians, but there are more than four million Indians all over the U.S. Most of the Indian tribes do not get any benefit from the casinos. In addition to uneven distribution of profits, the tax is also a matter of controversy. Self-determination of Navajo tribes is mainly shown in the development of tribal casinos (Carder, 295). In the state of the gaming industry that allowed the Indian tribes to engage in gambling for commercial purposes, many administrators in the government felt that they were gradually losing control of the Indian community's gambling industry. They argue that the Indian tribe is not required to pay federal and state taxes, which makes them gain a lot of advantage leaving a great impact on non-Indian casinos. At present, in addition to the Indian tribes, eleven states in the United States are to allow legitimate gambling. Some Navajos was worried that gaming would attract social bad habits to their communities(Schwarz, 515). It also suggested that the relaxation of the control of the gaming industry could lead to corruption and organized criminal activities within the Indian tribes.

In addition to the effects of native American’s gambling on economy, there is some positive influence on the social relationship of native Americans. The gambling industry has created jobs, facilitated economic development, and helped the Indian community to prosper. It is very important for the Indians to have their own businesses in the reserved area to maintain the social relationship based on the premise of the intact sovereignty and independence, so that the reserve is not only a piece of land used by other economic groups, but the Indians themselves can also engage in activities and investment marked by diversification, which greatly enriched the former social relationships of them. Thus, the Indian tribes’s social relationship and network is now based on own sovereignty and independence, and is realized ultimately through this economic strategy of opening the casinos. In addition, the engagement of gambling of Indians people also gives rise to and improve their positions in the social relationship with the outside world. From an historical and economical point of view, the Indians are driven into some reserved areas with barren lands and poor resources, and the problem of poverty is increasing as the land and resources of the Indians' reserved areas are decreasing. Navajo was relatively self-supporting, living in a large reserved areas in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico(Carder, 295). With such poor economical situation and historical stigma with them, the social status of the Indians tribes is thus consequently much lowered compared to other races in the U. S. In terms of status, the early Indians were neither American citizens nor foreign citizens, but the so-called a group of dependent peoples who are directly accepting the federal government's custody and management. And the United States Congress did not pass the law until the 1920s, giving Indian citizens the status of American citizens. Until the last few decades, the Indian tribes began to gain more autonomy and land ownership through legal channels. Thus, they have a marginalized social position in face of the mainstream American society. When the casinos run by Indians is providing a large number of direct jobs and a lot of indirect jobs throughout the United States. More importantly, a large part of them is for non-Indians. The casino gambling leads to improvements in social and economic benefits for both the Indian and non-Indian people(Gonzales,Lyson, & Mauer, 405 ). With the rise of economical power, the Indian tribes also donated a large number of money a year to the charity through the gambling industry, while also providing a large number of money as revenue to the federal and state governments. The Indian tribes also made their own contribution to community relations and construction after the operation of casinos of the Indian tribes. The Indian tribes opened the casino not only in order to improve its own economic environment, but also to help them to maintain the social relationship based on the premise of the intact sovereignty and independence of them economically, and improve their social positions in the dealing with the outside world when their contribution to the whole society is growing.

However, casinos set up by the Indian tribes also raised some social problems and encountered challenges of social relationship within the Indian tribes. Although the United States in 1924 passed the law to recognize the Indians as US citizens, since then, poor life has been plaguing these American aborigines. In the past few decades, the Indians often face embarrassment and shame about their identity. There is in fact tense social relationship between not only them and the outside world, but also within the social relationship of their own. After the economical prosperity, part of the indigenous people who left their home choose to returned back to the reserve, and went back to the tribal life. By this, they are sharing the vitality that the gambling industry has brought to the indigenous people. With the  tide of Indians returning to the home country, some new problems are also revealed, and one of the most difficult is how to determine whether a person is not an indigenous resident or not when they left their hometown and roots for such a long period of time. The future without gaming is the Hopi way according to the Navajo and Hopi Indians(Palermo, 1).Some people think that this should be determined by the lineage and blood ties. By this, even if this person is ignorant of the Indian culture, as long as his blood flow the blood of the Indians, it can be concluded that he or she is still an authentic Indian. Some people say that many Indian children are not able to prove their identity with some documents, and therefore can not distinguish their descent. However, as long as the Indian culture has been deeply implanted in their hearts, and they have been guided by the tribal old people's teachings, so he or she is the Indian. It is to put a tense on the the social relationship of the returnee and the local Indians as it is hard to maintain a stable social relationship without figuring out the social identify of individuals within the network. Those debated on the identity of the returnees of Indians is becoming a issue and factor influencing the social relationship of the returnee and the local Indians who stick to their roots. These new income and preferential policies to minority given by the government also drives a lot of Indians to return to their home, which brings prosperity to the Indian community on the one hand, and on the other hand, brings new dilemma to the identity of the Indian community.

Also, gambling can lead to other social problems and have a negative impact on social structure and traditional Indian culture and values. Despite the benefits of gambling, it is noted that, in the face of changes, the former aboriginal social relations was broken in an innocent and helpless manner. Among the Navajo tribes, most of them used to be farming people and Navajo family was engaged in the cooperative activities(Carder, 296). Now, it was hard to trace such family tradition. In addition to the problems existed in social relationship of the returnee and the local Indians, the economical prosperity of the gambling also change the mindsets and living habits of a lot of Indians, thus influencing their social relationship as well. Navajo elder people and traditionalists are worried about this a lot(Schwarz, 315). With the development of society, the United States indigenous gradually began to contact all walks of life. Their history was ruthlessly interrupted, and the culture elements unique to their culture gradually disappeared. Hopi tribes also said that the gambling is against Hopi cultural customs(Berry, 2011). And the population who sticks to the most authentic Indian culture is gradually reduced. In the context of Western culture, they are gradually narrowed into a cultural symbol, and placed in the museum for people to visit, or made as a souvenir in the market to sell. And for a small number of Aboriginal descendants of the Indians who survived, the reality is that they are always struggling between history and reality, and bear the pain in terms of split between spirits of their culture and the need for the survival of the Indian tribes. Thus, the conflicts between the traditional Indian culture and modern values seem to inevitable as a result of the continuous development of casinos, which put a strain on the social relationship of Indian tribes. The gambling industry has become a powerful force to change the Indian’s life and social network.

To sum up, in this article, after having a discussion of effects of native American’s gambling on economy and social relationship of native Americans, it is revealed that there is huge and dual effects of native American’s gambling on economy and social relationship of native Americans. In terms of economy, on the one hand, the Indian gambling industry allowed by the federal government and relevant laws is promoting the development of Indians when it has developed into a large, and prospering industry, which brings about huge profits and achieve good economical effects on native America; on the other hand, despite the huge economical benefits, there are negative consequences of it, which is mainly shown in the problems of inequality and widening of the gap between the rich and poor within the Indian tribes as a result of the unequal distribution of incomes and profits of gambling among the Indian tribes, and occurrence of other criminal activities. As for some positive influence on the social relationship of native Americans, it is easy for them to maintain the social relationship based on the premise of the intact sovereignty and independence of them economically, and improve their social positions in the dealing with the outside world when their contribution to the whole society is growing. But gambling can also lead to other social problems and have a negative impact on social structure marked by the conflicts between the traditional Indian culture and modern values.

Works cited

Anderson, Robin J. . Tribal Casino Impacts On American Indians Well-Being: Evidence From Reservation-Level Census Data - ANDERSON - 2011 - Contemporary Economic Policy. Volume 31, Issue 2. 2013 . Pages 291–300. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2011.00300.x/abstract

Berry, Walter. Hopis reject plans for casino | Deseret News, 2011 http://www.deseretnews.com/article/595064684/Hopis-reject-plans-for-casino.html

Carder, Susan Fae (bio). “Project MUSE - The Development of a Gaming Enterprise for the Navajo Nation”. The American Indian Quarterly Volume 40, Number 4. (2016）.pp. 295-332 https://muse.jhu.edu/article/645145

Gonzales, Angela A.  , Thomas A. Lyson, K. Whitney Mauer. What does a casino mean to a tribe?: Assessing the impact of casino development on Indian reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. The Social Science JournalVolume 44, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 405–419 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331907000742

Palermo, Dave. Building a future without gaming is the Hopi way.(2005). International Gaming & Wagering;Apr2005, Vol. 26 Issue 4, p1 http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/16817579/building-future-without-gaming-hopi-way

Schwarz, Maureen T. Fire Rock: Navajo Prohibitions against Gambling.  Ethnohistory 2012 Volume 59, Number 3: 515-540 http://ethnohistory.dukejournals.org/content/59/3/515.short

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