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​下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The life of a serf in England，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国农奴的生活。对于西方中世纪的农奴问题，人们一直争议不断，有人认为农奴生活贫困潦倒，受封建领主的剥削，在法律上无任何权利可言，生活极其悲惨；但也有人认为西方农奴的生活没有想象中那么贫困，实际收入情况也较好，因为在他们看来，英国的封建制度较为完善，是西欧封建制度的典型，11―13世纪的西欧封建社会处于鼎盛时期，农奴制已成形，但同时期英国的农奴相较于其他西欧各国农奴的地位和状况却有所不同，英国农奴也是最先摆脱了农奴身份走出中世纪的社会阶层。

As for the issue of serfs in the middle ages in the west, there has been a constant controversy in the academic circle. Some scholars believe that serfs lived in poverty and were exploited by feudal lords. But another part of the scholars think that western serfs life not as poverty, real income is also good, because in western scholars point of view, the feudal system in England is relatively perfect, is a representative of the western European feudal system, 11-13th-century Western Europe feudal society at the peak, serf system has formed, but at the same time the British serf compared with other western European countries to serf status and the situation is different, the serfs is also the first out of serfdom of social class out of the middle ages.

Change after the Norman conquest, English of administrative areas, the traditional village was abolished and replaced by large and small farms, each estate has its own lords and members of the village land is seized, in order to survive, they will even family in Lord, obtain certain land, become a serf, members of the village is no longer a freemen, became a half freemen and slaves. William I remeasured the whole country's land, and classified some landless slaves and thatchers as serfs. Together with the dependent farmers, they were collectively called "weilan". At this point, the villand system began to be established in Britain. The promulgation of the forestry law in the 12th century and the legislative reform of Henry ii put villand outside the legal protection of the state, and the villand system was determined nationwide in Britain.

Serfs daily work and in the estate to perform its obligations, is basically consistent, the serfs farming lords of the land, for Lord servitude, in terms of farming, except to go to church on Sunday, generally there are 2-3 days a week "Zhou Gong", in 1236 by the ordinance of merton, for those who hold 30 acres of land whelan required to perform the obligations: he worked three days in the lords land, from michaelmas to August 1, but allowed him at Christmas, Easter, and holy spirit coming weeks holiday. He had to farm four acres with his cattle for his Lord. He had to till and fertilize, weed and mow the Lord's lawn, and he worked for 24 days. In some parts of England the situation was even worse. In walden and Walpole, in the east of England, farmers worked six days a week all year. Most of the food the serfs needed was produced in their own land, which was so frequently worked for the Lord and so poorly managed that the serfs' own harvest in a year was often very small, barely enough for the whole family to get by. Sometimes most of the lords would make the serfs pay an additional payment in lieu of serf labor, squeezing the serfs out of the economy. In medieval England, most serfs were reluctant to give up their own affairs and went to work for the Lord, who was careless and unserious in the service. In order to protect their own interests, the Lord would buy some rich food and wine for the reward after serfs' work. The physical rent of a farm in Sussex recorded serfs helping out with meals: for two days the Lord of his plough helped out with fish, meat and beer. The abbot of the barthes even allowed the helping serfs to take a group of associates to the monastery for dinner. There were other advantages, such as taking a sheep from the Lord to improve the family's food, taking a bundle of grass or some wood to repair the house, and perhaps even getting a commission. In some areas, the serfs refused to exempt the "helping day". But no matter how generous the Lord was, the farmers' own interests were not fully protected.

The serfs farming without the Chinese farmer's sunrise over whether he is busy, they will often seeds into fields of can, with little or no use of chemical fertilizer, so although per capita of many, but the harvest is very poor, serfs is the busiest time of year is the autumn harvest, serfs during this period not only in his charge to harvest, but also help Lord the autumn harvest, grain in the granary, such as sealing saite manor in Britain, most of the time lords require physical labor is only half a day, must be a day when to harvest. Some serfs to himself to harvest, looking for all sorts of reason to refuse to the lords to servitude, or even voluntary pay request lords exemptions, but most of the cases, the lords forced through various ways serfs to servitude, even consented to the request of serfs, will delay the work time, another day make up, or demanding a ransom, such as do not obey, severely punished by manor court.

The end of the harvest season did not mean that serfs would have time to rest. Serfs were often obliged to transport the harvested grain to their lords' houses or markets. Holds a big portion of the serfs have to lend the horses and chariots, and those who hold a small portion of the serfs were only fell back pack, we can see from some of the data of serfs in transportation journey all have clear rules, for example, somewhere in Britain Ramsey manor, serfs must perform a distance of 20 in the distance, and to deliver the goods to a fixed location. The goods were not fixed, and the serfs had to transport whatever the Lord needed for his livelihood. This heavy transport obligation often left the serfs themselves no time to store food for the winter.

The serfs were burdened with heavy labor and had to pay rent in kind or money for the Lord. On the surface, serfs' life was miserable. But what was the reality?

At first we know about the income and property condition, serfs Bennett to a serf with 1, gerth of land income made of analysis: farming 20 acres of land every year, 10 acres of land fallow, the mixture of wheat, barley, oats yield per acre, 11.4 bushels total crop after deduction of taxes of 153 bushels, and these income is barely enough for a family of rations, if catch up with them, the harvest, the serfs will struggle of life. Brooker examined the possession of property in the village of wylam, Oxford, England, in the 13th century. He believes that each villan family in the village owns 12 acres of land, a house, a cow, a pig, a horse and some poultry. The whelan's standard of living in poverty than we can think of, in addition to the Lord and labor, life is rich, do not need to borrow, sometimes working please helpers come to help. And this kind of vilain's standard of living only in middle rdi, here, our point of view may be fuzzy, since serfs income barely enough to support the family, why there are more rich property? Medieval Britain serfs land is fixed, does not need to like a fear of losing their own copies of Chinese farmers, as long as in normal years, serfs income is relatively fixed, while the serfs of the oppressed degree is higher, but the serf as lords "private property", serfs if life doesn't go down or die, means that the lords damage the interests of the individual, so although the Lord as squeezing serf, but as far as possible, normal life of the serfs, throughout the medieval England didn't appear large-scale peasant uprising, even if is the famous warren Taylor uprising in 1381, is to call for the abolition of serfdom, just for freedom, There are no requirements in economic life. Therefore, we can see that the living standards of serfs in medieval England were not as poor as we thought in the past. The living environment of English serfs was also primitive and primitive. The Renaissance giant Chaucer had an accurate description of the living environment of medieval widows. We entered the house, dark because only two small openings in the skylight let in some light. In winter, water seeps everywhere in the house. After years of not doing it, it is always wet, especially under the bed. The floor was potholed, the stools were unstable, and soil was often taken from the garden to fill the holes. In the middle ages, most houses were built by boulders, and the main girders were made of bent wood. Hay, mud and stone were the main building materials. The manufacturing process was relatively simple. Kitchen and bedroom, poultry indoors in and out, sometimes even at night and people live together in the bedroom, the room furniture is decorated simply, a table and a few stools, a closet for clothes, this is the serfs all the belongings in the house, house without chimneys, cooking smoke out the window, the house is smoky, serfs or even be fumigated blind. The houses were repaired every year, or they would collapse in winter, so after the autumn harvest the serfs took time out to repair them to get through the hard winter.

The issue of serf's marriage was also a hot topic of many scholars. Serf's marriage was closely related to his personal attachment to the Lord. Medieval manor is a closed system, serfs saw life was his estate internal extending outward within in a few places, so the serfs mostly within the estate looking for a mate, and need to get the approval of the Lord, and pay a certain amount of "tax" marriage, but if the internal manor serfs to marry people outside of the manor, trouble arises, such a marriage means that damage to one of the lords of the interests, because the serfs leave means the loss of his private property, thereby lords often require serfs to compensate for his loss or volunteer to give up at this time of his land. It can be said that serf marriage was strictly controlled by the Lord, who regarded serf marriage as a business and hoped to maximize his own interests. Sometimes, the Lord would intervene in serf marriage to find a spouse for serfs. Therefore, according to modern marriage standards, we can conclude that serfs' marriage status was not good for the most part.

Entertainment activities occupied an important position in the daily life of serfs in medieval England. The country entertainment life was rich and colorful. Bennett called England in this era "happy England". In the middle ages, the entertainment activities of serfs were mainly divided into two kinds: secular entertainment and religious entertainment.

Secular entertainment: mainly related to agricultural production, the sowing and harvesting of grain, the harvesting of pasture, the picking of apples and the pruning of wool are all opportunities for farmers to have fun. For example, in a popular game custom at that time, when serfs celebrated after the harvest of pasture, the Lord would reward them by putting a ram or sheep in the field. If serfs could catch it before the end of the celebration, the sheep would become a dish at the banquet. In the grain harvest season, farmers will also hold a variety of recreational activities to carnival. "They danced to the sound of drums, and a young woman dressed in white, riding on a donkey, marched around the harvested grain to celebrate.

Country pubs and hotels in the country cannot ignore the influence of recreational activities, serfs at ordinary times after a day's hard work, gather in the pub to kill time, drink, chat, play games, singing is their favorite pastime, but at the same time these places a mixed rural mermaid, typical of moral, filled with alcohol, pornography and violence. Medieval moralists called it "the house of the devil" and described it as a romp in a tavern, with cheers being passed around until late in the evening. However, as a carrier of entertainment, it conveyed the strong demand of serfs' spiritual life and played an important role in their leisure and entertainment.

Religious entertainment: as the name suggests, serfs' entertainment activities were related to medieval Christianity. According to statistics, in the year before the religious reform, all kinds of religious festivals added up to more than 100 days. Festivals were rest and entertainment, which meant that serfs spent nearly one-third of their time on holidays.

Here take Christmas as an example. Christmas is a grand festival in western Christian countries. Serfs could have 14 or 15 days off from work. The village church was lively and stately, decorated with evergreen branches and lighted candles, and the faithful attended religious meetings and preached. At this time, the Lord also gave generously to entertain his tenants, villagers and even some serfs. At glastonbury hall, for example, there was enough bread, gravy, beer and two kinds of meat for the party. The serfs of east pennad had four feasts during the Christmas season, each of which was given a fine piece of white bread and good meat, and after that they sat down in the hall of the manor and drank heavily. In the middle ages, the rich and varied entertainment activities in the English countryside added some fun to the extremely boring life of serfs and also injected vitality into the development of rural society. History develops in the process of inheritance and change. "every progress in culture is a step towards freedom".

In medieval serfs as a whole has his two sides, on the one hand, by the exploitation of feudal production relations, on the one hand, bound by religious beliefs, from the point of their actual living conditions, while living in poverty, but it has a strong development space, serf can through their own hard work, indirectly change their living conditions, for after the great transformation of society.

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