下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Effect of the renegotiation of the north American free trade agreement on the united states economy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了北美自由贸易协定的重新谈判对美国经济的影响。USMCA于2018年10月1日由成员国正式签署，是北美自由贸易协定重新谈判的结果，计划于2023年全面分阶段实施。作为唐纳德·特朗普总统为推动经济强劲增长而进行的改革之一，可以看出USMCA的目标是与这三个国家建立更自由的市场和更公平的贸易。USMCA带来了制造业、农业和数字产业的重大变革，旨在加强对国内产业的保护，刺激市场。但USMCA在有利于相关行业的同时，也面临着市场稳定的潜在风险。
1. Summary
The United States – Mexico – Canada Agreement (USMCA), which was formally agreed on October 1st, 2018 by its member states, is referred to be the new trade deal as a result of the renegotiation of NAFTA and is planned to be fully phased in 2023 (The Economist, 2018). Being as NAFTA 2.0, there are also several major differences in USMCA. For example, regulations on labor provisions, protection of intellectual property have been updated. Among these, the biggest difference would be in the auto industry associated with changes on labor market within the region. Also, the US will have more access to dairy market of Canada. As one of changes President Donald Trump proceeded in order to robust economic growth, it can be seen that USMCA is aimed to create freer markets and fairer trade with the three countries. However, the expectations can only happen under certain conditions. The most important one would be to reduce the insecurity of investors.
2. Issue #1: Dairy market
The changes on the agriculture area are mainly focus on the Canadian dairy market. Regarding the 3.25% of the diary market Canada has granted to the US in the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, USMCA now provides more access for US farmers to the Canadian dairy market, which might be 3.6% (Dale & Maccharles, 2018). There are 38% of imports from the US and 52% of exports to the US in the Canadian dairy market in 2016 (Statistics Canada, 2016). Therefore, Canada has negotiate with the US to avoid the initial ‘sunset’ clause, which is expected by President Trump to eliminate Canada’s supply management system, by agreeing on the current rules, including to eliminate the ‘Class 7’ pricing system for specific mild ingredients. In this way, the dairy market in the US will be stimulated.
3. Issue #2: Vehicle industry
Besides 75% of a vehicle’s parts required to be originated in North America, which was 62.5% in NAFTA, it is stated that 40% of the work should be completed by workers being paid for minimum 16 dollars per hour (McGregor, 2018). Therefore, the new agreement will lead to more protection of the domestic auto industry and possibly attract more investment as it pushes manufacturers to place more assembling work, in North America. On the other hand, protection would result in the decrease of overall efficiency in the industry. Also, as labour costs takes up 5% to 8% of a vehicle’s cost and consumers’ demand is driven by the price, it will be reflected in the vehicles’ price and eventually in the market (McGreger, 2018).
4. Issue #3: Digital economy
New provisions related to the digital economy are regarded as positive changes by the songwriters and composers in North America since it plans to extend the copyright term from the current term, the author’s life plus 50 years, to life plus 70 years (Kirby, 2018). Being as a protection of the cultural industry, it would help to reduce the concern and therefore stable and enhance the digital economy.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, USMCA, which brings up major changes covering manufacturing, agriculture and digital industries, is aimed to improve the protection of the domestic industry and stimulate the market. The arising protectionism might wok only if the uncertainties in the market could be eliminated. A vehicle tariff-free for a consumer in North American would require 20% to 30% more orders for the domestic supply chain (McGreger, 2018). Thus, USMCA could be beneficial to certain industries involved while it also faces potential risks regarding to the stability of the market.
References
Canada dairy information centre (2016). Canada’s dairy industry at a glance, Canada Statistic, retrieved October 19th, 2018 from: http://www.dairyinfo.gc.ca/index_e.php?s1=cdi-ilc&s2=aag-ail
Kirby, J. USMCA, Trump’s new NAFTA deal, explained in 500 words, Vox, retrieved October 19th from: https://www.vox.com/2018/10/3/17930092/usmca-nafta-trump-trade-deal-explained
McGregor, J. (2018) Auto industry relieved by NAFTA 2.0, but results may be mixed, CBC News, retrieved October 19th , 2018 from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/auto-impact-usmca-wednesday-1.4848589
The Economist, NEWFTA; North American trade. Retrieved October 19th from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A556869566/EAIM?u=glasuni&sid=EAIM&xid=54b6f233
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