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下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The Green GDP，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了绿色GDP。绿色GDP，即从现行的GDP中扣除掉自然资源耗减和环境污染损失之后的剩余国内生产总值。通过比较可以看到，原有的GDP核算模式未把资源与环境因素考虑在内，甚至是把不良的物品和服务也包含在内，不符合可持续发展原则，而未来的绿色GDP核算应是一种绿化了的GDP，或者说是一种净值。

The study of Green GDP was raised in China in the 90's and reached its climax in 2006, after which it fell into the silence of nearly ten years. The 18 of the party's ecological civilization construction has been raised to an unprecedented height, forming the overall layout of the "five-in-one" approach to the construction of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics, and the Ministry of Environmental Protection has put forward the green GDP study. Combining the existing research results of green GDP and the practical needs of ecological civilization construction in China, it is of great strategic significance to promote the research of green GDP.

GDP refers to the sum of all final products and service values produced by all permanent units of a country or region in a certain period of time. GDP is a key index in the system of national economic Accounting, which is praised as "the greatest invention of Western economics in the 20th century" and is recognized in the world. Countries and regions of the world usually measure their own economic development level by GDP, and analyze the trend of regional economic development. In the Sixties or seventies of the 20th century, with the development of economy and industrialization, the problems of environmental pollution, energy crisis and ecological destruction have been intensified in the world. However, these problems can not be seen in GDP, people are increasingly aware of the traditional GDP accounting system defects. From the 1970s onwards, the academia, the government began to amend the current national economic accounting system, trying to establish a real, scientific reflection of a country or region of economic development accounting system. In this respect, scholars and international organizations continue to explore, gradually formed the concept of green GDP.

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For the first time in 1981, the World Bank proposed the concept of "green accounting", trying to revise the flaws in the traditional GDP index system by expanding national accounts, hoping that the statistics would reflect the number of outputs provided by economic production and the number of people who could truly benefit the nation. The 1987 United Nations Commission on Environment and Development, in its study on our common future, presented the idea of "sustainable development". Since then, the United Nations and the World Bank have begun to include environmental and resource issues in development strategy studies. At the World Conference on Environment and Development, held at the United Nations in 1992, the concept of sustainable development was recognized worldwide. People began to realize that the traditional system of national economic accounting needs to be corrected, and to seek to eliminate the false parts of the traditional GDP concept, and to restore a "green GDP" concept that truly reflects the development of the country and region.

The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs has given a definition to green GDP in 1993, with the so-called green GDP being deducted from the current GDP as the residual gross domestic product after the loss of natural resources and environmental pollution. In the same year, the United Nations statistics agency formally introduced the concept of green GDP for the first time in the SEEA release, whereby the use of the environment in economic activity was taken as an additional input from the original economic aggregates, which were adjusted by the environmental factors, namely EDP. By comparison, we can see that the original GDP accounting model does not take resources and environmental factors into account, even the bad goods and services are included, not in line with the principle of sustainable development, and the future green GDP accounting should be a green GDP, or a net worth.

The study of green GDP in foreign countries can be divided into two categories: one is the expansion of the traditional GDP accounting system, the other is to construct the index system focusing on economy and environment. The former is in the GDP accounting system to introduce a new dimension, the latter research and the existing GDP accounting system is a parallel relationship.

Foreign scholars in the development of the traditional GDP accounting system has a focus on the difference. Some indicators are focused on the economy and the environment, for example: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology began a study of green GDP in 1971, proposing ERI to explore the relationship between economic growth and environmental pressures. In 1973, the Japanese government proposed net national welfare, which took into account environmental pollution, and stipulated that the Government should deduct the improvement funds needed for the standard projects from traditional GDP after it had set the allowable standards for each pollution project. "The index also includes the cost of natural resource damage and traffic accidents without considering the valuation of household labour." "Leipert, etc, put forward to pay attention to the negative impact of economic activities caused by environmental pollution," arguing that the value of natural resource reserve should be subtracted from the accounting of net investment. Some scholars have focused on the economy and resources, such as the 1989 Robert Repetoo, such as the proposed net domestic Product, their research is mainly to explore the relationship between economic growth and resource consumption. There are also indicators that focus on economics and society, for example, in 1990 by the World Bank economist Herman Daly and John B. Cobb, the index of sustainable economic welfare. This indicator further measures the possible loss of social factors, such as uneven distribution of wealth, unemployment and other social hazards, as well as medical expenditures, which are not counted as economic growth, in distinguishing between the gains and losses that economic activity may bring. This index in 1995 by the United States nonprofit independent Public Policy Research Institute has been modified, the establishment of GPI, has been the UK, the United States, France, Switzerland and other developed countries to accept. In 1996, the European Commission developed the "European Environmental Pressure Index" and the OECD through satellite accounts, using physical and monetary accounting to reflect the environmental pressures of human activities and economic activity. Other indicator systems include economic, environmental and social considerations. For example, James Tobin and William Nordhaus introduced the net economic welfare in 1972. They suggest that the social costs of economic behavior, such as urban pollution, be removed from GDP, and neglected economic activities such as domestic activities and social obligations. In 1993, international organizations such as the United Nations Statistics Department, UNEP and the World Bank introduced integrated environmental and economic accounting into the traditional GDP accounting system on the basis of the original systems of national accounts, in order to form a new accounting system SEEA, and in 1994 formally published the SEEA, since then in 2000 and 2003, two revisions. Compared with the previous two edition, the SEEA of 2003 has paid more attention to the summary of practical application results, and expanded the original content, and discussed the specific accounting of each part. The World Bank proposed the concept of "expanded wealth" in 1995. This concept increases the content of the traditional national economic accounting system, and integrates the natural, human and social capital into the traditional national economic accounting system. In addition, the World Bank has proposed the concept of porex saving indicators, namely, the deduction of artificial capital, natural resources and environmental depreciation from total domestic savings. This indicator provides a more convincing basis for evaluating the level of dynamic change and development of the wealth and development level of a country or region. The GPI concept, proposed by redefining progress in 1995, is similar to the concept proposed by the World Bank, which is intended to measure the real economic well-being of a country or region, which broadens the original national accounting framework and adds three social, economic and environmental accounts.

In addition to the above-mentioned research on the expansion of the original GDP accounting system, there are some attempts to establish a parallel system with the existing GDP accounting system. For example, the ecological footprint, proposed by Wackernagel ET, in 1996, was designed to calculate how much of the production land needed to sustain the consumption of resources and the absorption of waste in a certain population and economic scale. 1997 Constanza and Lubchenco presented ESI. The index system is used to estimate the total value of the Biosphere Ecosystem service system.

Robert Repetoo selected Indonesia as an object of study, calculating the actual economic growth rate of 7.1%, and only 4.8%, from 1971 to 1984 when Indonesia eliminated losses from oil depletion, timber consumption and soil erosion. In 1996, Wackernagel and other people in the "national ecological footprint", through the ecological footprint indicators of 52 countries and regions in 1997 data were calculated and analyzed, the conclusion is compelled to the Earth's bearing capacity ―― "global average per capita ecological footprint of 2." 8HM2, but the ecological production area is only 2HM2, the global per capita ecological deficit 0.8HM2, from a global perspective, the human ecological footprint has exceeded the global ecological capacity of 35%. In the 1997, Constanza and Lubchenco, through the Ecosystem Service Index system, divided the global ecosystem into 20 biological communities, then divided the ecological service function of the global ecosystem into 17 categories, based on which the ratio between the value and GDP of the ecosystem service system was calculated. Mexico introduced a green GDP accounting system in 1990, supported by the United Nations. The Government of Mexico has included oil, land, air, water, soil and forests in the area of environmental-economic accounting, "and has compiled these natural assets and their changes into physical indicator data, and finally converted the physical data of various natural assets into monetary data by valuing them." The cost of loss of oil, timber, groundwater and land transfer was calculated on the basis of the traditional domestic production net output (NDP), and the cost of environmental degradation was further derived. With the introduction of the SEEA system in the world-wide repercussions, from 1991 to 1996 the United States, Japan and other countries began to establish similar natural resources accounts, net national welfare indicators and other suitable for the national conditions of the accounting framework. Among them, the Nordic countries started earlier in this regard. Norway was the first country to begin natural accounting, incorporating energy accounting, forest stock accounting, and air pollution emissions and environmental costs into statistical models. Finland has also established its own natural resource accounting system based on the Norwegian approach. Finland has three accounting contents, namely, forest resources, environmental protection expenditure and air emissions. In recent years, the European Union, on the basis of the studies conducted by Norway and Finland, has developed a model of economic accounting that applies to EU members based on the SEEA framework, which incorporates environmental accounting, known as NAMEA, including environmental accounts. Indonesia also completed its national accounting matrix Construction and the 1990―1993 of the natural resources and environmental accounts of the year in early 1996. The stock hammer and Hamilton, respectively, evaluated Australia's sustainable economic welfare indicators and real development indicators over the past 40 years, showing that Australia's GDP and sustainable economic welfare indicators were similar 1985 years ago, but that there has been a stagnation in national welfare since then, a departure from the continued growth of GDP. 1999 Hanley, etc. to Scotland in a certain period of development level of evaluation, respectively, the adoption of the environmental adjustment of net domestic output, sustainable economic welfare indicators and real development indicators, as well as real savings and other ways.

It can be seen that the study of green GDP abroad is not only the expansion of the traditional GDP accounting system, but also the construction of a new system by the accounting system of the traditional GDP. These studies are concerned with green GDP from different perspectives, and some studies have been popularized. But some flaws can not be ignored. First, the development of the traditional GDP accounting framework will inevitably involve the issue of monetization accounting. The projects involved, some of the prices are valued, some are difficult to determine the market price, the accuracy of accounting results will be discounted. Second, to jump out of the traditional GDP accounting system, a new set of theoretical system, the focus of its attention on the quantification of economic activities to the ecological environment impact. Although these studies intuitively reflect the impact of human economic activities on the ecological environment, but only concern about the destruction of the environment and the consumption of resources, and did not pay attention to GDP output. At the same time, these studies are only a result of instantaneous data output with limited reference value and no predictive function.

China's research on green GDP starts late. Since the reform and opening up, with the rapid development of China's economy, the excessive consumption of resources, the destruction of ecological environment has become increasingly prominent, people began to realize that at the expense of resources, environment for the development of the economy is not advisable, so domestic also began a study of green GDP. After the WeDC of 1992, the academia and government departments of our country began to keep track of the latest research results of the international Green GDP accounting system, and sought to make China's national economic accounting system synchronized with the international system of national economic accounting.

Domestic research focuses on the expansion of the current GDP accounting system, such as: Since 1988, Li Jinchang and other people launched the "Natural resource accounting and its integration into the National Economic Accounting system" research, focusing on the natural resources and environment into the traditional national accounting system can be applied. 1990―1999 years, Beijing University conducted a 10-year study on the theory and model of green GDP. In 1995, the revolver carried out the research on the comprehensive accounting matrix of China's environmental economy and the accounting of green GDP. 2002 Lio Ming analyzes how to measure the consumption of non productive economic assets, the degradation of non productive natural assets, and the conversion of natural assets into economic assets in the calculation of green GDP. In the 2009, Lio Ming The concept of green GDP input-output model, by combining green GDP index with green input-output analysis method, we tried to establish a reasonable green GDP input-output model. In the article published in 2001, the paper combs The theory of green GDP accounting, which combines the theory of welfare Economics of Ancient China and discusses the green GDP accounting and the construction of Green GDP accounting formula. In the 2002, Xu Heng and Li Hong followed the theoretical relationship between the depletion value of natural resources and the loss of environmental pollution from the perspective of socioeconomic statistics and enumerated the examples of how to calculate.

The practice of domestic green GDP theory is mainly government-led. By using the basic principle of "input-output table" in 1996, Beijing University made a green GDP accounting for our country's resources, economy and environment, calculated the green GDP in 1992, and made a preliminary study on our country's resources and environmental depletion. The research results of "China's comprehensive Economic and environmental accounting system" were obtained in 1999. In 1998, we carried out the research on natural resource accounting and its incorporation into national economic accounting system,

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