Paper代写：The crisis facing Russia－r51due

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The crisis facing Russia，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了俄罗斯面临的危机。目前，俄罗斯经济深陷衰退之中，甚至出现负增长的。因此，在这个意义上，乌克兰危机、西方制裁和国际市场石油价格下跌等只是俄罗斯经济下滑的外部因素，引起固定资产投资大幅度下降、进口下降和居民实际收入下降。但衰退的根本原因还是苏联时期便已经形成的严重失衡的经济结构，导致对外部市场的严重依赖、财政收入对石油价格的严重依赖等问题。

At present, Russia's economy is beset with difficulties. The Ukrainian crisis, Western sanctions and the fall in oil prices in the international market are only external factors, and the root cause is the unbalanced economic structure formed during the Soviet period, which leads to the dependence of external markets and the dependence of fiscal revenues on oil prices. Russia's urgent task is to complete economic modernization, two times industrialization, take the road of innovation and development.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation inherited the international status of the Soviet Union, ascended the stage of history as a new subject of international law, and began extensive and profound political, economic and social transformation. The initial conditions of its development are the completion of industrialization and urbanization, the higher education level of the population, the developed science and technology and education system. At the same time, the disintegration of the Soviet Union was a serious political, economic and social crisis. This makes the political and economic and social development of New Russia full of contradictions and conflicts. As we all know, Russia followed the western "prescription" to implement "shock therapy", resulting in a sharp decline in industrial production and GDP. The 1998 international financial crisis spread to Russia, but the economy soon recovered. In the last ten years since 2003, Russia has achieved rapid growth in economy, residents ' income and consumption in the context of rising oil prices in the international market. In the past 15 years, one of the highlights of the Russian economy has been the formation of a national unified market infrastructure, the retail industry is very developed, the largest economy and fastest growing sector, accounting for more than 20% of GDP, higher than most developed countries.

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At present, Russia's economy is in deep recession. In 2013, Russian GDP grew by only 1.3%, and in 2015 it was a negative growth of 3.7%. Therefore, in this sense, the Ukrainian crisis, Western sanctions and the fall in international market oil prices are only the external factors of Russia's economic decline in the past 2014 years, resulting in a sharp decline in fixed assets investment, import decline and real income of residents fell. But the root cause of the recession is the serious unbalanced economic structure that has been formed in the Soviet period, which leads to the serious dependence on the external market and the serious dependence of the fiscal revenue on the oil price.

The Russian economy is facing a recession and stagnation as well as long-term conflict with the West. In 2016 and 2018, Russia will hold State Duma elections and presidential elections respectively, which means that social stability becomes "absolute order" and painful economic reforms may be shelved for 2018 years. A May study by the Institute of Statistics and Knowledge economy, Russia's higher economic University, concluded that 2013-2017 was a lost five years for Russian industry. The gap between Russia's economy and developed economies will be further widened.

It can be said that Russia's current development situation is very complex. First, the external environment has undergone drastic changes and profound adjustments. It is obvious that Russia is facing a major change in the external environment, the new development model is emerging, the power structure is undergoing profound changes, new subjects are emerging. And Russia to continue to maintain the status of a great power, into the new world system, must make the necessary adjustments to its own system, and the first task is to maintain sustained economic growth. Second, as far as the adjustment of the global system is concerned, only a few outlines, such as the rise of a group of emerging economies such as China and India and the relative decline of superpower America's power and influence, are not evident in the future. Third, from the internal environment, Russia's independence since the construction of the state system has been completed in form, but there are deep contradictions, the country is still in a profound change. It can be said that, as one of the major civilizations in the world, Russia's development in the past more than 20 years presents the status of "Lasagna", and the external environment and internal political, economic, social and human development process occur simultaneously and affect each other. At the same time, this complex process is inevitably reflected in the Russian people's own history of the evaluation and conclusion of the issues, showing a complex and varied situation.

Russian scholars believe that the development of Russia in the past 20 years has undergone the democratization of liberalism and its retreat, and seems to face a resurgence of democratization. But in any case, Russia is gradually integrating into the world. At the same time, the global order is undergoing a reorganization, moving towards a new structure and quality. From the perspective of historical development, the scale and significance of this reorganization is comparable to the 18-19 century industrial Revolution, or the 20th century technological revolution. In this sense, Russia's innovative development path is in line with its national interests. To embark on the road of innovation and development, we must modernize the existing political system.

Russia's urgent task is to complete economic modernization, two times industrialization, take the road of innovation and development. The difficulty here is that the economic development of today's world has two main characteristics, namely, structure and internationalization. The so-called structure, refers to the economic development can not be attributed to the construction of a group or many factories, roads and bridges. Economic development needs social political and legal system to make corresponding adjustments and changes, to adapt to the economic development of the system environment requirements. The economic development almost becomes a social movement. The so-called internationalization is a country can not close the door to engage in their own set, but in an open, competitive environment to carry out international cooperation.

At the same time, Russia's existing economic and political system appears to be highly monopolized and highly concentrated. Highly monopolistic, highly concentrated means "manual" management, most of the way to connect with the outside world is informal, not relying on the system, but on a variety of temporary, informal arrangements. The advantage of this arrangement is that it avoids losing control, but its disadvantage is the lack of effective feedback. Once there is a problem, it must be a certain degree of conflict, the signal can be conveyed to the Central. And high concentration also means that the local level lacks autonomy, enthusiasm.

As a general public, the late Soviet control, shortage, etc. are very unpleasant memories. The chaos that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union and the 90's was also an unpleasant memory. On the contrary, since 2000, life has gradually improved, many people travel abroad for vacation, the level of consumption increased, income increased, this is hard-won things. In this case, if the reform is to continue, the response of the people is to toss them, and do not want them to live a quiet life. The Russians have made huge sacrifices over the past 15 years, and are they willing to continue to make sacrifices to narrow the gap with the developed world?

It is noteworthy that in the face of the Ukrainian crisis, against the backdrop of confrontation with the West, Russia advocates the rise of conservatism modernization. In a certain sense, the Russian conservatism modernization and the Chinese Zhang Zhidong's "in the West uses" has the similar good, is attempts to maintain the traditional value frame while, uses the Western-style technology, the labor Organization way, the production mode and so on, its logic is, grasps the modernization the need Western technology, But resolutely rejects everything that produces these technologies: norms, values, social development, the spirit of freedom, and so on.

The background of Russian conservatism modernization is that the divinity of political power and high monopoly, the whole nature of political power and economic power. This highly monopolized political power system naturally excludes political participation and political competition. Maintaining this pattern is a political necessity, and economic development is an objective need to maintain the status of great Powers. The main purpose of conservatism is to modernize the economy under the premise of maintaining the existing political structure, but it does not include the comprehensive modernization of the political system. Of course, from the perspective of social stability, the logic of conservatism modernization is obvious. It tries to find some compromise between the absolute order of modernity and the majority of societies that uphold traditional values, and avoid the possible shocks caused by mass social mobilization.

How to adjust the economic structure, overcome the "Dutch disease" and then embark on the sustainable development path is an economic practice with successful precedent. In this sense, Russia is not a special case, its particularity is relative. Russia's overemphasis on its own specificity and disregard for international experience is not conducive to its economic development. This is because the special doctrine is often the weak self to maintain the narcissistic complex idea, it is afraid of communication, fear of "bring", refused to learn, fear fusion. Special doctrine never supports the rise of great powers, or only the rise of distorted powers.

The economic development of the world has two major characteristics, structural and internationalized. The so-called structure requires social and political culture and other aspects to adapt to the needs of economic development. Economic development is actually a social movement that requires universal participation. Internationalization means that international markets and international cooperation are unavoidable. In this sense, Russia's existing political structure can be maintained at one stage, but fundamentally unsustainable.

External peace and internal stability are the two key prerequisites for achieving the development strategy in Russia. In the past hundreds of years, the characteristics of Russian civilization have not changed radically, but the state system has undergone three major subversion from Tsar despotism, Soviet socialism to "sovereign democracy". Russia's future is in its own hands, and Russia is fully capable of occupying a place in the world. The historical experience makes the Russian social elites have strong compressive capacity, while the outside world is often underestimated by Russia. It can be said that no external force is sufficient to exert undue influence on Russia's development strategy and development path unless Russia makes its own mistakes.

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