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下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The Tempera paintings，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了坦培拉绘画。在西方，真正意义上的现代油画技法产生自文艺复兴时期，在16世纪以后逐步发展成熟，至今不过五百年的历史。而在此之前，经过漫长的历史发展，湿壁画、干壁画、坦培拉绘画以及坦培拉与油画混合技法，都占据了很长阶段的历史舞台。坦培拉，作为一种古典油画技法，其英文名为“Tempera”，源于古意大利语，意为“调和”、“搅拌”。后来泛指一切由水溶性、胶性颜料及结合剂组成的绘画。在如今，现代画家并非只使用传统的鸡蛋乳液，亦可加入酪素乳液、甲基纤维素乳液做为媒介。

In the west, modern oil painting techniques in the true sense came into being during the Renaissance and gradually matured after the 16th century, with a history of only 500 years. Before that, after a long history of development, fresco, dry fresco, tempera painting and tempera and oil painting mixed techniques, have occupied a long stage of the historical stage. Tempera, a classical oil painting technique, is known in English as the Tempera, an ancient Italian word meaning to "blend" or "stir." Later, it refers to all paintings composed of water-soluble, gelatinous pigments and binders. In China, it is often translated as dampera, eggpera and tempera. Nowadays, modern painters do not only use traditional egg emulsion, but also can add casein emulsion and methyl cellulose emulsion as the media, so I think transliteration is more appropriate.

Of traditional opera painting techniques originally from one thousand years ago in ancient Greece, in around the 13th century in Italy, and in the 14 and 15 centuries developed a technique combined with oil mixed, and the hybrid techniques than water temple opera in the painting on the procedures and methods more flexible, can draw on the traditional wood, also can create cloth opera, because of the media agent containing oil and resin composition, enhances the object space form of realism, this technique commonly known as classical multilayer transparent painting. In the 17th century, artist Rubens will titian painted directly with 15 th-century jan van eck hybrid techniques combined strengths, and developed the high liquidity and shape of resin oil paint, gradually replaced the past of oil, water paint, he was in to Spain to own villas, Flemish techniques to the painter, also affects the contemporaneous Rembrandt and 18th and 19th centuries Jacques Louis, Angle, famous master, dost thou since then, oily vera's gradually evolved into pure oil painting, also is our today's direct representations. Thus it can be seen that although the methods of traditional tempera and modern oil painting are different, they are in the same line, and we can add development and innovation.

Classical tempera method, according to a certain proportion of chalk powder, rabbit glue, to make the bottom of the tempera coating, in the smooth and delicate board layer by layer coating brush, and then polished, make the tempera drawing board smooth, can absorb. The papers are a bit similar to the traditional Chinese claborate-style painting method, in order to avoid the dirty vera's sketchpad, realize transparent painting, generally do not take direct paint: the author on the paper first, draw a relatively complete sketch line art depicting characters in this step, the line of things should be accurate in place, as a complete line of draft, avoid further transfer to modify, again will complete by the handmade rubbing to vera's sketchpad above, can use Chinese ink, Ye Jin pen draws the outline of contour line, then draw the gray shades as monochromatic sketches, the structure of the manuscript, projection is accurate, formal coloring for the next step.

Before for classical translucent color, brush with wool to tan vera's sketchpad to uniform besmear again water, thin and uniform, then according to depict objects with egg liquid, toner modulation type, dip in with thin cancel the pen color, still modeled on monochrome sketch method of line, color shape, step by step to make the color relations, complete the translucent painting, this is the traditional opera painting method.

In the middle ages, tempera painting technique was the main way of depicting holy portraits and frescoes, but it gradually declined after the Renaissance. In the continuous development, tempera paintings can be mixed with water or oil, which can be divided into two categories: water-based materials and oil-based materials. The painter can freely distribute the proportion. If there is much water, the strokes will be smooth and the color is transparent, which is convenient for painting details. If oil is more than color saturation, and suitable for long-term preservation, easy to depict large ICONS, murals. The materials and methods used are different from other paintings, so the preservation time is much longer than other painting materials, the unique emulsion film will not change with time yellow, dark, the overall color saturation and moist, can not be aging for thousands of years.

Due to the ancient western tempera paintings mostly serve for religion, creating a large number of images of the virgin, often using gold and silver foil in the painting process, such a single and rigid theme, high cost, gradually covered by modern techniques. Only constant development have a new progress, recently, the temple to pella this ancient painting and painters, klimt Austrian artists in the 19th century to the traditional temple pella painting techniques to innovation, add gold foil in modern painting subjects, create a colorful and have strong artistic adornment effect, make you occupy a unique position in the history of art.

Compared with other painting forms, tempera painting has the characteristics of rapid drying and conjunctiva, and the paint is usually dried out at the very moment of painting, which greatly saves the painter's creation time, improves the convenience, and can be repeatedly painted in a short time, and the picture effect is bright and transparent. This characteristic is well suited to precision painting, where the most original and fascinating lines are kept in the frame without having to wait too long or worry about getting dirty, and modern paintings that require a lot of repetition are also dependent on tempera's technique.

At the same time, because tempera USES emulsion and pigment toner to harmonize, its colors map to each other, the luster is soft, make the picture does not have a strong impact, give the viewer a kind of cordial, natural feeling, in line with the visual aesthetic interest. Some of the transparent luster of tamperat also makes it unique in oil painting and watercolor pigments. The painter does not need to worry about the repeated strokes to make the color become turdiness and precipitation, and the picture becomes dark. On the contrary, the more transparent painting layers, the softer and more accessible the work. Like painting the save the life of around five hundred, if techniques, pigment is not suitable but also can shorten life span, can only stay in two hundred and thirty, even change color, fall off in a few years, beautiful works can't keep it is a shame, but Tanzania vera's work can be painted hundreds of years, is advantageous to the long-term preservation of collectors, and this is vera's painting unique charm.

Andrew wise, one of the great American painters of the 20th century, was a keen user of the tempera technique. His realism in painting style, the pursuit of modernism, works were used in the egg color, watercolor medium for artistic creation, such as all kinds of materials use vera's techniques for large size drawing, with egg white, powder mixed with glue, the method of using jotham pella painting layer mask to dye, tend to be painted in a month, Andrew wyeth's depiction of the characters and scenery, from his home state of Pennsylvania Richards's town, and Cushing, Maine town, such as Andrew said: "I like to slowly draw in the studio, I think the more so the more close to the essence of painting... If a tempera succeeds, it produces a sense of strength and firmness that nothing else can match, and a quality I like that belongs only to tempera's metaphor. Through this ancient traditional techniques and materials, combined with modern painting species and material techniques, wise created realistic artistic works, reflecting the pursuit of modernist emotion.

Nowadays, many modern painters are still attached to the creation charm of tamperat. In such an era of industrial information, the pursuit of speed makes artists no longer blindly choose traditional methods. The addition of modern painting language helps tempera's artistic expression techniques develop into diversification. Artists in the process of painting can be more increase the use of flat pen, YuanTouBi, don't blindly following classical opera painting method row line slowly, but according to depict objects texture, the be fond of painting is to use flexibly, it enriches the temple pella painting materials and techniques, expand the performance of traditional painting space, on the basis of inheriting the traditional painting, make the work of the new era have contemporary feeling.

In China, some painters try to combine tempera and oil painting techniques between material language, modeling language and color language to form innovative "modern tempera painting". Perhaps at present, tempera art is not suitable for short-term sketching, but is very suitable for the expression of subjective will. Professor cao jigang of the central academy of fine arts, who has deep research on this aspect, chose tempera as the material of classical oil painting to reflect his feelings on Oriental connotation. He blurred the landscape in his eyes with ink painting on the cloth surface, which looked and felt like an ink painting. The transparent traces on the drawing board were like the traces left by ink infiltration and halo. A large number of ink traces flowed down, leaving only a kind of residual image, but it could reflect the magnificent momentum of Chinese landscape painting. Cao jigang not only retained tempera's quiet, introversion and delicate shape, but also kept the visual and tactile effect from floating on the surface. He let the fresh immersion of the pigment into the picture, expressing the quality of his aesthetic spirit of ancient China. No matter what kind of painting a painter chooses, he or she should attach his or her own creative intention to the materials under his or her hands, so that viewers can appreciate the artist's spiritual outlook and aesthetic interest. Painter of the new era, the mood for classical has had the very big change, like the past of that kind of harmonious relationship between human and nature was gone, but the artistic creation continues, in vera's study should be followed in the traditional technique, from compliance to development, from development to the innovation, new classical language structure, in the modern reflect her complete artistic feelings, in the world of today's industrialization, materialized to generate new relationships.

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